Feb 1 • Ndemanga za Msika • 7236 Views • 3 Comments pa Chiwonetsero Choyambirira cha Japan Kuti Chitha Kuchepetsa
量 的 金融 緩和, ryōteki kin'yū kanwa
Misika yakhala ikuchepetsedwa mwezi watha kapena apo, ponena za chiyembekezo kuti QE ina ichitika ndi UK Bank of England mwina pamsonkhano wotsatira wotsatira. Popeza mutuwu ndiwotentha kungakhale koyenera kuyang'ana 'lite-bite' poyambira, makina ndi zabwino zokayikitsa za mtundu wosavomerezeka wamalamulo azachuma omwe akhala gawo la lotanthauzira chilankhulo chamakono.
Funso la QE yochulukirapo komanso nkhani yayikulu yomwe ikutsatirayi, yaukitsidwanso ku USA. Msonkhano uliwonse wa Fed umaphatikizidwa ndi kuyerekezera kwakukulu komanso kusaka maumboni onena ngati Fed (monga Ben Bernanke) ikuyambitsa misika polengeza QE 3.
Chimodzi mwazosangalatsa za QE ndichakuti masiku ano ndalama zoyeserera zoyambilira zidayesedwa ndi Japan kuti akweze dzikolo mu chuma chomwe chinali chokhazikika chomwe chidakumana ndi mavuto owonongekera. Zomwe adanenazo ndikuti mtundu wa QE waku Japan walephera monga zikuwonekeranso pachuma. Olemba ndemanga ena atha kunena kuti ngakhale ali ndi mphamvu zopangira, chuma chachitatu padziko lonse lapansi sichinayende bwino kuposa zaka 20.
Ngongole zophatikizidwa motsutsana ndi GDP yaku Japan ndizowopsa pazachuma. Ngongole zophatikizidwa motsutsana ndi GDP zatha 600% ndipo ngongole yawo ya quadrillion, (pafupifupi $ 13 trilioni) ndiyomwe ikudetsa nkhawa chifukwa ngongole yaku Japan ndiye dziko lotukuka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi kawiri konse GDP yake, patadutsa zaka zambiri zoyeserera pampope maboma akuyesera pachabe kuti amange kuchepa kwachuma kwanthawi yayitali. Ndalama zomwe boma limagwiritsa ntchito chaka chino mpaka Marichi zikuyembekezeranso kuti zidzawonjezeka ndi 106.40 trilioni pomwe ndalama zowonjezerazi zikuwonjezera mavuto azachuma omwe ali mdzikolo ..
Ponyalanyaza funso loti 'Banki yaku England' imadziyimira pawokha popanga zisankho za QE, opanga mfundo ku UK akuwoneka kuti akuganiza zogwiritsa ntchito zochepetsera zochulukirapo chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ndalama.
Chiyembekezo chochitapo kanthu mwatsopano ndi Bank of England (kuti ikulimbikitse kukula) chinawonjezeka koyambirira sabata ino BoE itatulutsa ziwerengero zomwe zikuwonetsa kusungika kwa ndalama kuphatikiza kubwerekera kofooka kwamakampani komanso mabanja. Nkhani yakumalima kwa ngongole yasiyira akatswiri aku City ali ndi chidaliro kuti njira zochulukitsira zochulukirapo zidzalengezedwa ndi komiti ya Banki ya malamulo ya ndalama zisanu ndi zinayi ikakumana sabata yamawa.
BoE yalengeza funde loyamba la QE koyambirira kwa 2009, pogula mapaundi mabiliyoni a mabiliyoni amilandu yaboma m'miyezi ikubwerayi ya 200. Zotsatira zakusokonekera kwa mayuro zikufalikira mu Channel mu nthawi yophukira 12, Banki idati igula mapaundi a 2011 biliyoni mu pulogalamu ya miyezi itatu. Izi zatsala pang'ono kutha.
Kusindikiza Ndalama
Kuchepetsa kochulukirapo kwatchedwa "ndalama zosindikiza" ndi atolankhani komanso akatswiri azachuma. Komabe, mabanki apakati akuti kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zomwe zidangopangidwa kumene ndizosiyana mu QE. Ndi QE, ndalama zomwe zimangopangidwa kumene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pogula maboma aboma kapena zinthu zina zachuma, pomwe mawu oti kusindikiza ndalama nthawi zambiri amatanthauza kuti ndalama zomwe zangopangidwa kumene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kulipira zolakwika zaboma kapena kulipira ngongole zaboma (zomwe zimadziwikanso kuti kupanga ndalama kuboma ).
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Masiku Oyambirira Kwambiri Pazinthu Zosavuta
Mawu achijapani oyambira pakuchepetsa kuchuluka (量 的 金融 緩和, ryōteki kin'yū kanwa)), adagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba ndi Central Bank mu zofalitsa za Bank of Japan. Bank of Japan idakhazikitsa lamulo lokhala ndi dzinali pa 19 Marichi 2001. Komabe, chilengezo chovomerezeka cha Bank of Japan pankhani yachuma cha tsikuli sichikugwiritsa ntchito mawuwa (kapena mawu aliwonse ogwiritsa ntchito "ochulukirapo") m'mawu achi Japan mawu kapena kumasulira kwake kwachingerezi. Inde, Bank of Japan kwa zaka zambiri, kuphatikizapo chakumapeto kwa February 2001, idati "kuchepetsa kuchuluka sikuthandiza" ndipo idakana kugwiritsa ntchito njira zandalama.
Kodi Quantitative Easing (QE) ndi chiyani?
Kuchepetsa kuchuluka (QE) ndi mfundo zandalama zomwe mabanki apakati amagwiritsira ntchito kulimbikitsa chuma cha dziko pomwe mfundo wamba zachuma sizikugwira ntchito. Banki yayikulu imagula chuma kuti ipatse ndalama zomwe zidakonzedweratu pachuma. Izi zimasiyanitsidwa ndi ndondomeko yanthawi zonse yogula kapena kugulitsa maboma aboma kuti zisunge chiwongola dzanja pamsika pamtengo womwe watsimikizika.
Banki yayikulu imagwiritsa ntchito zochepetsera zochuluka pogula chuma kubanki ndi mabizinesi ena abizinesi ndi ndalama zatsopano zamagetsi. Izi zikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa mabanki, komanso kukweza mitengo yazachuma yomwe idagulidwa, zomwe zimachepetsa zokolola zawo.
Ndondomeko ya ndalama zowonjezerapo imakhudza banki yayikulu kugula masheya aboma kwakanthawi kuti athe kutsitsa chiwongola dzanja chanthawi yayitali (pogwiritsa ntchito malo obwereketsa ochepa. Komabe, chiwongola dzanja chakanthawi kochepa chimakhala, kapena pafupi, zero Kuchepetsa ndalama zitha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi omwe akutsogolera ndalama kuti alimbikitse chuma pogula chuma chokhwima kuposa momwe maboma agwirira ntchito kwakanthawi, ndikupangitsa kuti chiwongola dzanja cha nthawi yayitali chizipitilira zokolola pamapindikira.
Kuchepetsa zochulukirapo kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kuthandizira kuwonetsetsa kuti kutsika kwa zinthu sikugwera pansi pazolinga. Zowopsa zikuphatikiza kuti lamuloli likugwira ntchito moyenera kuposa momwe zimakhalira motsutsana ndi kuchepa kwa ndalama - zomwe zimapangitsa kukwera kwamitengo, kapena kusachita bwino - ngati mabanki sangapereke ndalama zina zowonjezera.
Kodi Kuchepetsa Kuchepetsa Ntchito?
Malinga ndi IMF, njira zochepetsera zomwe mabanki apakati adachita kuyambira koyambirira kwa kumapeto kwa 2000s zachuma zathandizira kuchepetsa ngozi zomwe zidachitika pakutha kwa Lehman Brothers. IMF yati ndondomekoyi idathandizanso kukulitsa chidaliro pamsika ndikutuluka kwachuma pachuma cha G-7 mu theka lachiwiri la 2009.
Mu Novembala 2010, gulu lazachuma lodziyimira paliponse ku Republican komanso omenyera ufulu wawo adatumiza kalata yopita kwa Wapampando Wachigawo ku USA a Ben Bernanke akufunsa za ntchito ya Fed's QE program. A Fed adayankha kuti zomwe akuchita zikuwonetsa zachuma zomwe anthu akusowa ntchito komanso kutsika kwamitengo.
Kuchepetsa kuchuluka kumatha kubweretsa kukwera kwamitengo yayikulu kuposa momwe amafunira ngati kuchuluka kwa zochepetsera kukufunika, ndipo ndalama zambiri zimapangidwa. Kapenanso, zitha kulephera ngati mabanki akhalabe osafuna kubwereketsa ndalama kwa mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndi mabanja kuti alimbikitse kufunika. Kuchepetsa kuchulukitsa kumachepetsa njira yogwiritsira ntchito zotsitsa zokolola. Koma potengera zachuma padziko lonse lapansi, chiwongola dzanja chotsika chikadakhala kuti sichinapangitse mabulogu azachuma munthawi zina.
Kuwonjezeka kwa kupezeka kwa ndalama kumakhudza kukwera kwamitengo (monga kukuwonjezeka ndi kuchuluka kwa kukwera kwamitengo kwa pachaka). Pali kuchepa kwa nthawi pakati pakukula kwa ndalama ndi kukwera kwamitengo, kukakamira kwamitengo yokhudzana ndi kukwera kwa ndalama kuchokera ku QE kungamange banki yayikulu isanachite. Zowopsa za inflation zimachepetsedwa ngati chuma cha dongosololi chikuchulukirachulukira pakuwonjezeka kwa ndalama kuchokera pakuchepetsa. Ngati kupanga chuma kukuwonjezeka chifukwa chakuchulukirachulukira kwa ndalama, mtengo wa gawo limodzi la ndalama ukhozanso kuwonjezeka, ngakhale pali ndalama zambiri.
Mwachitsanzo, chuma cha dziko chikadatha kukulitsa chiwongola dzanja chochulukirapo pamlingo wokwera kwambiri ngati kuchuluka kwa ngongole zomwe zimapangidwira, zikakamizo za inflation zilingafanane. Izi zitha kuchitika ngati mabanki mamembala atabwereketsa ndalama zowonjezerazo m'malo mokweza ndalama zowonjezera. Munthawi yakukwera kwachuma kwachuma, banki yayikulu nthawi zonse imakhala ndi mwayi wobwezeretsa nkhokwezo kumtunda mwa kukweza chiwongola dzanja kapena njira zina, kusinthiratu njira zochepetsera zomwe zachitika. M'mayiko azachuma pomwe ndalama zikufunika kwambiri poyerekeza kuchuluka kwa chiwongola dzanja, kapena chiwongola dzanja chili pafupi ndi zero (zizindikilo zomwe zimatanthawuza msampha wopeza ndalama), kuchepetsedwa kochulukitsa kumatha kuchitidwa pofuna kupititsa patsogolo ndalama, ndikuganiza kuti chuma chili bwino Pansi pazomwe zingatheke (mkati mwazotheka pakupanga), kukwera kwamitengo sikungakhaleko konse, kapena kungocheperako.
Kuchulukitsa ndalama kumatsitsa mitengo yosinthira dziko poyerekeza ndi ndalama zina. Mbali iyi ya QE imathandizira mwachindunji omwe amatumiza kunja omwe akukhala mdziko muno akuchita QE ndi omwe ali ndi ngongole zomwe ngongole zawo zimayendetsedwa ndi ndalamazo, chifukwa ndalama zimatsika momwe zimakhalira ngongole. Komabe, imavulaza omwe amabweza ngongole ndi omwe amakhala ndi ndalamazo pomwe phindu lenileni lazomwe amakhala zikuchepa. Kusintha kwa ndalama kumavulaziranso olowa kunja chifukwa mtengo wazinthu zomwe zikulowetsedwa zimakhudzidwa ndikutsika kwa ndalama.
Ndalama zatsopanozi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mabanki kuti azigulitsa m'misika yomwe ikubwera kumene, chuma chazogulitsa, zinthu zawo komanso mwayi wosakhala wakomweko m'malo mongobwereketsa mabizinesi akomweko omwe akuvutika kupeza ngongole.
dyetsedwaJapankuchepetsa kuchepa
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Mawu Oyambirira Achijapani Omwe Amatha Kuchuluka
Feb 1 • Ndemanga za Msika • 7236 Views • 3 Comments pa Chiwonetsero Choyambirira cha Japan Kuti Chitha Kuchepetsa
量 的 金融 緩和, ryōteki kin'yū kanwa
Misika yakhala ikuchepetsedwa mwezi watha kapena apo, ponena za chiyembekezo kuti QE ina ichitika ndi UK Bank of England mwina pamsonkhano wotsatira wotsatira. Popeza mutuwu ndiwotentha kungakhale koyenera kuyang'ana 'lite-bite' poyambira, makina ndi zabwino zokayikitsa za mtundu wosavomerezeka wamalamulo azachuma omwe akhala gawo la lotanthauzira chilankhulo chamakono.
Funso la QE yochulukirapo komanso nkhani yayikulu yomwe ikutsatirayi, yaukitsidwanso ku USA. Msonkhano uliwonse wa Fed umaphatikizidwa ndi kuyerekezera kwakukulu komanso kusaka maumboni onena ngati Fed (monga Ben Bernanke) ikuyambitsa misika polengeza QE 3.
Chimodzi mwazosangalatsa za QE ndichakuti masiku ano ndalama zoyeserera zoyambilira zidayesedwa ndi Japan kuti akweze dzikolo mu chuma chomwe chinali chokhazikika chomwe chidakumana ndi mavuto owonongekera. Zomwe adanenazo ndikuti mtundu wa QE waku Japan walephera monga zikuwonekeranso pachuma. Olemba ndemanga ena atha kunena kuti ngakhale ali ndi mphamvu zopangira, chuma chachitatu padziko lonse lapansi sichinayende bwino kuposa zaka 20.
Ngongole zophatikizidwa motsutsana ndi GDP yaku Japan ndizowopsa pazachuma. Ngongole zophatikizidwa motsutsana ndi GDP zatha 600% ndipo ngongole yawo ya quadrillion, (pafupifupi $ 13 trilioni) ndiyomwe ikudetsa nkhawa chifukwa ngongole yaku Japan ndiye dziko lotukuka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi kawiri konse GDP yake, patadutsa zaka zambiri zoyeserera pampope maboma akuyesera pachabe kuti amange kuchepa kwachuma kwanthawi yayitali. Ndalama zomwe boma limagwiritsa ntchito chaka chino mpaka Marichi zikuyembekezeranso kuti zidzawonjezeka ndi 106.40 trilioni pomwe ndalama zowonjezerazi zikuwonjezera mavuto azachuma omwe ali mdzikolo ..
Ponyalanyaza funso loti 'Banki yaku England' imadziyimira pawokha popanga zisankho za QE, opanga mfundo ku UK akuwoneka kuti akuganiza zogwiritsa ntchito zochepetsera zochulukirapo chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ndalama.
Chiyembekezo chochitapo kanthu mwatsopano ndi Bank of England (kuti ikulimbikitse kukula) chinawonjezeka koyambirira sabata ino BoE itatulutsa ziwerengero zomwe zikuwonetsa kusungika kwa ndalama kuphatikiza kubwerekera kofooka kwamakampani komanso mabanja. Nkhani yakumalima kwa ngongole yasiyira akatswiri aku City ali ndi chidaliro kuti njira zochulukitsira zochulukirapo zidzalengezedwa ndi komiti ya Banki ya malamulo ya ndalama zisanu ndi zinayi ikakumana sabata yamawa.
BoE yalengeza funde loyamba la QE koyambirira kwa 2009, pogula mapaundi mabiliyoni a mabiliyoni amilandu yaboma m'miyezi ikubwerayi ya 200. Zotsatira zakusokonekera kwa mayuro zikufalikira mu Channel mu nthawi yophukira 12, Banki idati igula mapaundi a 2011 biliyoni mu pulogalamu ya miyezi itatu. Izi zatsala pang'ono kutha.
Kusindikiza Ndalama
Kuchepetsa kochulukirapo kwatchedwa "ndalama zosindikiza" ndi atolankhani komanso akatswiri azachuma. Komabe, mabanki apakati akuti kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zomwe zidangopangidwa kumene ndizosiyana mu QE. Ndi QE, ndalama zomwe zimangopangidwa kumene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pogula maboma aboma kapena zinthu zina zachuma, pomwe mawu oti kusindikiza ndalama nthawi zambiri amatanthauza kuti ndalama zomwe zangopangidwa kumene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kulipira zolakwika zaboma kapena kulipira ngongole zaboma (zomwe zimadziwikanso kuti kupanga ndalama kuboma ).
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Masiku Oyambirira Kwambiri Pazinthu Zosavuta
Mawu achijapani oyambira pakuchepetsa kuchuluka (量 的 金融 緩和, ryōteki kin'yū kanwa)), adagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba ndi Central Bank mu zofalitsa za Bank of Japan. Bank of Japan idakhazikitsa lamulo lokhala ndi dzinali pa 19 Marichi 2001. Komabe, chilengezo chovomerezeka cha Bank of Japan pankhani yachuma cha tsikuli sichikugwiritsa ntchito mawuwa (kapena mawu aliwonse ogwiritsa ntchito "ochulukirapo") m'mawu achi Japan mawu kapena kumasulira kwake kwachingerezi. Inde, Bank of Japan kwa zaka zambiri, kuphatikizapo chakumapeto kwa February 2001, idati "kuchepetsa kuchuluka sikuthandiza" ndipo idakana kugwiritsa ntchito njira zandalama.
Kodi Quantitative Easing (QE) ndi chiyani?
Kuchepetsa kuchuluka (QE) ndi mfundo zandalama zomwe mabanki apakati amagwiritsira ntchito kulimbikitsa chuma cha dziko pomwe mfundo wamba zachuma sizikugwira ntchito. Banki yayikulu imagula chuma kuti ipatse ndalama zomwe zidakonzedweratu pachuma. Izi zimasiyanitsidwa ndi ndondomeko yanthawi zonse yogula kapena kugulitsa maboma aboma kuti zisunge chiwongola dzanja pamsika pamtengo womwe watsimikizika.
Banki yayikulu imagwiritsa ntchito zochepetsera zochuluka pogula chuma kubanki ndi mabizinesi ena abizinesi ndi ndalama zatsopano zamagetsi. Izi zikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa mabanki, komanso kukweza mitengo yazachuma yomwe idagulidwa, zomwe zimachepetsa zokolola zawo.
Ndondomeko ya ndalama zowonjezerapo imakhudza banki yayikulu kugula masheya aboma kwakanthawi kuti athe kutsitsa chiwongola dzanja chanthawi yayitali (pogwiritsa ntchito malo obwereketsa ochepa. Komabe, chiwongola dzanja chakanthawi kochepa chimakhala, kapena pafupi, zero Kuchepetsa ndalama zitha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi omwe akutsogolera ndalama kuti alimbikitse chuma pogula chuma chokhwima kuposa momwe maboma agwirira ntchito kwakanthawi, ndikupangitsa kuti chiwongola dzanja cha nthawi yayitali chizipitilira zokolola pamapindikira.
Kuchepetsa zochulukirapo kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kuthandizira kuwonetsetsa kuti kutsika kwa zinthu sikugwera pansi pazolinga. Zowopsa zikuphatikiza kuti lamuloli likugwira ntchito moyenera kuposa momwe zimakhalira motsutsana ndi kuchepa kwa ndalama - zomwe zimapangitsa kukwera kwamitengo, kapena kusachita bwino - ngati mabanki sangapereke ndalama zina zowonjezera.
Kodi Kuchepetsa Kuchepetsa Ntchito?
Malinga ndi IMF, njira zochepetsera zomwe mabanki apakati adachita kuyambira koyambirira kwa kumapeto kwa 2000s zachuma zathandizira kuchepetsa ngozi zomwe zidachitika pakutha kwa Lehman Brothers. IMF yati ndondomekoyi idathandizanso kukulitsa chidaliro pamsika ndikutuluka kwachuma pachuma cha G-7 mu theka lachiwiri la 2009.
Mu Novembala 2010, gulu lazachuma lodziyimira paliponse ku Republican komanso omenyera ufulu wawo adatumiza kalata yopita kwa Wapampando Wachigawo ku USA a Ben Bernanke akufunsa za ntchito ya Fed's QE program. A Fed adayankha kuti zomwe akuchita zikuwonetsa zachuma zomwe anthu akusowa ntchito komanso kutsika kwamitengo.
Kuchepetsa kuchuluka kumatha kubweretsa kukwera kwamitengo yayikulu kuposa momwe amafunira ngati kuchuluka kwa zochepetsera kukufunika, ndipo ndalama zambiri zimapangidwa. Kapenanso, zitha kulephera ngati mabanki akhalabe osafuna kubwereketsa ndalama kwa mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndi mabanja kuti alimbikitse kufunika. Kuchepetsa kuchulukitsa kumachepetsa njira yogwiritsira ntchito zotsitsa zokolola. Koma potengera zachuma padziko lonse lapansi, chiwongola dzanja chotsika chikadakhala kuti sichinapangitse mabulogu azachuma munthawi zina.
Kuwonjezeka kwa kupezeka kwa ndalama kumakhudza kukwera kwamitengo (monga kukuwonjezeka ndi kuchuluka kwa kukwera kwamitengo kwa pachaka). Pali kuchepa kwa nthawi pakati pakukula kwa ndalama ndi kukwera kwamitengo, kukakamira kwamitengo yokhudzana ndi kukwera kwa ndalama kuchokera ku QE kungamange banki yayikulu isanachite. Zowopsa za inflation zimachepetsedwa ngati chuma cha dongosololi chikuchulukirachulukira pakuwonjezeka kwa ndalama kuchokera pakuchepetsa. Ngati kupanga chuma kukuwonjezeka chifukwa chakuchulukirachulukira kwa ndalama, mtengo wa gawo limodzi la ndalama ukhozanso kuwonjezeka, ngakhale pali ndalama zambiri.
Mwachitsanzo, chuma cha dziko chikadatha kukulitsa chiwongola dzanja chochulukirapo pamlingo wokwera kwambiri ngati kuchuluka kwa ngongole zomwe zimapangidwira, zikakamizo za inflation zilingafanane. Izi zitha kuchitika ngati mabanki mamembala atabwereketsa ndalama zowonjezerazo m'malo mokweza ndalama zowonjezera. Munthawi yakukwera kwachuma kwachuma, banki yayikulu nthawi zonse imakhala ndi mwayi wobwezeretsa nkhokwezo kumtunda mwa kukweza chiwongola dzanja kapena njira zina, kusinthiratu njira zochepetsera zomwe zachitika. M'mayiko azachuma pomwe ndalama zikufunika kwambiri poyerekeza kuchuluka kwa chiwongola dzanja, kapena chiwongola dzanja chili pafupi ndi zero (zizindikilo zomwe zimatanthawuza msampha wopeza ndalama), kuchepetsedwa kochulukitsa kumatha kuchitidwa pofuna kupititsa patsogolo ndalama, ndikuganiza kuti chuma chili bwino Pansi pazomwe zingatheke (mkati mwazotheka pakupanga), kukwera kwamitengo sikungakhaleko konse, kapena kungocheperako.
Kuchulukitsa ndalama kumatsitsa mitengo yosinthira dziko poyerekeza ndi ndalama zina. Mbali iyi ya QE imathandizira mwachindunji omwe amatumiza kunja omwe akukhala mdziko muno akuchita QE ndi omwe ali ndi ngongole zomwe ngongole zawo zimayendetsedwa ndi ndalamazo, chifukwa ndalama zimatsika momwe zimakhalira ngongole. Komabe, imavulaza omwe amabweza ngongole ndi omwe amakhala ndi ndalamazo pomwe phindu lenileni lazomwe amakhala zikuchepa. Kusintha kwa ndalama kumavulaziranso olowa kunja chifukwa mtengo wazinthu zomwe zikulowetsedwa zimakhudzidwa ndikutsika kwa ndalama.
Ndalama zatsopanozi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mabanki kuti azigulitsa m'misika yomwe ikubwera kumene, chuma chazogulitsa, zinthu zawo komanso mwayi wosakhala wakomweko m'malo mongobwereketsa mabizinesi akomweko omwe akuvutika kupeza ngongole.
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