Dis 16 • Amazwana eMakethe • Ukubukwa okungu-4534 • Amazwana Off ku-Sacré Bleu, eLa Fin De L'Entente Cordiale
Igama lesiFulentshi elithi Entente Cordiale, elihunyushwe ngokuthi “isivumelwano esihle” noma “ukuqonda okuhle”, laqala ukusetshenziswa esiNgisini ngo-1844 ukuze libonise ukuqashelwa kwezintshisekelo ezifanayo phakathi kwe-United Kingdom ne-France. Uma lisetshenziswa namuhla leli gama cishe lihlala lisho i-Entente Cordiale yesibili, okusho ukuthi isivumelwano esibhaliwe nengxenye eyimfihlo esasayinwa eLondon phakathi kwemibuso emibili ngo-April 8, 1904.
Isivumelwano sasiwushintsho kuwo womabili la mazwe. I-France yayisihlukanisiwe kwamanye amazwe ase-Europe, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yemizamo kaShansela waseJalimane u-Otto von Bismarck yokuhlukanisa iFrance kumadlelandawonye, njengoba kwakucatshangwa ukuthi iFrance ingase ifune ukuziphindiselela ngokunqotshwa kwayo eMpini yaseFranco-Prussia. 1870-71.
I-United Kingdom yayigcine inqubomgomo “yokuzihlukanisa okumangalisayo” ezwenikazi laseYurophu cishe iminyaka eyikhulu, ingenelela ezindabeni zezwekazi kuphela lapho kubhekwa kudingekile ukuvikela izithakazelo zaseBrithani nokugcina amandla ezwekazi elingana. Isimo sawo womabili la mazwe sashintsha eshumini leminyaka lokugcina lekhulu le-19.
Lolu shintsho lwaba nezimpande zalo ekulahlekelweni ukuzethemba kwamaNgisi ngemva kokululazeka okwatholwa ngesikhathi sempi yabo ende eMpini Yesibili YamaBhunu, kanye nokwesaba okwandayo kokuthi izwe lahlukaniswa libhekene neJalimane eyayingase ibe nolaka.
Emuva ngo-March 1881, isikhulu sombuso saseFrance uLéon Gambetta kanye nowayeyiNkosana YaseWales ngaleso sikhathi, u-Albert Edward, bahlangana eChâteau de Breteuil ukuze baxoxe ngomfelandawonye owawumelene neJalimane. IScramble for Africa ivimbe amazwe ukuthi avumelane, nokho. Ngokwesinyathelo sikaNobhala wamaKoloni uJoseph Chamberlain, kwaba nemizuliswano emithathu yezingxoxo zamaNgisi namaJalimane phakathi kuka-1898 no-1901. Ngemva kokuba u-Albert Edward eba iNkosi u-Edward VII, wenqaba ukungenela i-Triple Alliance, wanqamula izingxoxo neBerlin futhi wavuselela umqondo. yenhlangano yeBritish-French..
I-tit yamanje ye-tat, mayelana nokuxabana okusobala phakathi kwezikhulu eziphezulu e-France nase-UK, kubonakala kuwumculo ezindlebeni zabasolwa abavamile emithonjeni yezindaba yase-UK. Ngokuxakile impikiswano esunguliwe manje ibonakala igxile ekutheni yiliphi izwe elinomnotho 'omubi kakhulu' nokuthi ubani okufanele alahlekelwe isilinganiso sawo se-AAA kuqala.
Njengoba izwe ngalinye ligqolozela emgodini wezimali futhi iGreat Britain iholwa ngendlela “yokuzihlukanisa okumangalisayo” okungakaze kubonakale kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1800 amazwe axabana ngokuthi ubani okufanele aqhutshwe ekujuleni komgodi ongenamkhawulo futhi ongaqondiwe kuqala. Lesi sikhafu bekuyinqubomgomo eklanywe ngamabomu ukuze iphazamise okwesikhashana ukunaka komphakathi ekususeni isimo esibucayi.
Kodwa-ke, njengenkinga yokukhangisa le mpi yenuzi yamagama ukubola komsakazo kuzoba ngokushesha. Izingqondo zongqongqoshe ezihlangene zabaholi baseYurophu manje kuzofanele zigxile ezicini ezibalulekile zokuwohloka kwendawo ebhekene nayo, ukuwohloka lapho i-UK, yize ihlukaniswe yodwa, ayikwazi ukususwa kukho.
Isexwayiso sayizolo senhloko ye-IMF uChristine Lagarde sokuthi umhlaba usengcupheni yokuphindaphinda ingcindezi ngeminyaka yawo-1930 ngaphandle uma kuthathwa izinyathelo ezididiyelwe zisaqhubeka nokuduma ezimakethe zezimali. Isimangalo silawule iningi lamakhasi angaphambili ase-UK abelana ngokuhlanganyela nokuhlasela kweFrance isilinganiso sesikweletu se-AAA yaseBrithani. Sekuphele izinsuku eziyishumi nanye i-Standard & Poor's ixwayise ngokuthi ingase yehlise isilinganiso sesikweletu saseFrance ngamanothi amabili ukuthi isilinganiso saseFrance singakwazi yini ukuwubona unyaka kusazobonakala.
Iphalamende lase-Italy kulindeleke ukuthi livotele isabelomali esiphuthumayo sika-technocrat Mario Monti cishe ngo-11am GMT (isikhathi sendawo sasemini). Ukuvota kubizwe ngemizamo ye-Monti yokusheshisa ukuqaliswa kwephakethe lakhe lokunciphisa imali, nokuqinisekisa izimakethe zezimali ukuthi angakwazi ukwenza izinguquko ezithembisile. Akukapheli ngisho amasonto ayisithupha selokhu uBerlusconi ebusa njengondunankulu wase-Italy engene kwelinye ivoti lokumethemba. Isabelomali kufanele siphasiswe, akukho qembu lika-Silvio Berlusconi eliphakathi kwesokudla le-PDL noma i-Democratic Party emaphakathi kwesokunxele efisa ukusolwa ngokubhebhethekisa le nkinga.
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ISacré Bleu, iLa Fin De L'Entente Cordiale
Dis 16 • Amazwana eMakethe • Ukubukwa okungu-4534 • Amazwana Off ku-Sacré Bleu, eLa Fin De L'Entente Cordiale
Igama lesiFulentshi elithi Entente Cordiale, elihunyushwe ngokuthi “isivumelwano esihle” noma “ukuqonda okuhle”, laqala ukusetshenziswa esiNgisini ngo-1844 ukuze libonise ukuqashelwa kwezintshisekelo ezifanayo phakathi kwe-United Kingdom ne-France. Uma lisetshenziswa namuhla leli gama cishe lihlala lisho i-Entente Cordiale yesibili, okusho ukuthi isivumelwano esibhaliwe nengxenye eyimfihlo esasayinwa eLondon phakathi kwemibuso emibili ngo-April 8, 1904.
Isivumelwano sasiwushintsho kuwo womabili la mazwe. I-France yayisihlukanisiwe kwamanye amazwe ase-Europe, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yemizamo kaShansela waseJalimane u-Otto von Bismarck yokuhlukanisa iFrance kumadlelandawonye, njengoba kwakucatshangwa ukuthi iFrance ingase ifune ukuziphindiselela ngokunqotshwa kwayo eMpini yaseFranco-Prussia. 1870-71.
I-United Kingdom yayigcine inqubomgomo “yokuzihlukanisa okumangalisayo” ezwenikazi laseYurophu cishe iminyaka eyikhulu, ingenelela ezindabeni zezwekazi kuphela lapho kubhekwa kudingekile ukuvikela izithakazelo zaseBrithani nokugcina amandla ezwekazi elingana. Isimo sawo womabili la mazwe sashintsha eshumini leminyaka lokugcina lekhulu le-19.
Lolu shintsho lwaba nezimpande zalo ekulahlekelweni ukuzethemba kwamaNgisi ngemva kokululazeka okwatholwa ngesikhathi sempi yabo ende eMpini Yesibili YamaBhunu, kanye nokwesaba okwandayo kokuthi izwe lahlukaniswa libhekene neJalimane eyayingase ibe nolaka.
Emuva ngo-March 1881, isikhulu sombuso saseFrance uLéon Gambetta kanye nowayeyiNkosana YaseWales ngaleso sikhathi, u-Albert Edward, bahlangana eChâteau de Breteuil ukuze baxoxe ngomfelandawonye owawumelene neJalimane. IScramble for Africa ivimbe amazwe ukuthi avumelane, nokho. Ngokwesinyathelo sikaNobhala wamaKoloni uJoseph Chamberlain, kwaba nemizuliswano emithathu yezingxoxo zamaNgisi namaJalimane phakathi kuka-1898 no-1901. Ngemva kokuba u-Albert Edward eba iNkosi u-Edward VII, wenqaba ukungenela i-Triple Alliance, wanqamula izingxoxo neBerlin futhi wavuselela umqondo. yenhlangano yeBritish-French..
I-tit yamanje ye-tat, mayelana nokuxabana okusobala phakathi kwezikhulu eziphezulu e-France nase-UK, kubonakala kuwumculo ezindlebeni zabasolwa abavamile emithonjeni yezindaba yase-UK. Ngokuxakile impikiswano esunguliwe manje ibonakala igxile ekutheni yiliphi izwe elinomnotho 'omubi kakhulu' nokuthi ubani okufanele alahlekelwe isilinganiso sawo se-AAA kuqala.
Njengoba izwe ngalinye ligqolozela emgodini wezimali futhi iGreat Britain iholwa ngendlela “yokuzihlukanisa okumangalisayo” okungakaze kubonakale kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1800 amazwe axabana ngokuthi ubani okufanele aqhutshwe ekujuleni komgodi ongenamkhawulo futhi ongaqondiwe kuqala. Lesi sikhafu bekuyinqubomgomo eklanywe ngamabomu ukuze iphazamise okwesikhashana ukunaka komphakathi ekususeni isimo esibucayi.
Kodwa-ke, njengenkinga yokukhangisa le mpi yenuzi yamagama ukubola komsakazo kuzoba ngokushesha. Izingqondo zongqongqoshe ezihlangene zabaholi baseYurophu manje kuzofanele zigxile ezicini ezibalulekile zokuwohloka kwendawo ebhekene nayo, ukuwohloka lapho i-UK, yize ihlukaniswe yodwa, ayikwazi ukususwa kukho.
Isexwayiso sayizolo senhloko ye-IMF uChristine Lagarde sokuthi umhlaba usengcupheni yokuphindaphinda ingcindezi ngeminyaka yawo-1930 ngaphandle uma kuthathwa izinyathelo ezididiyelwe zisaqhubeka nokuduma ezimakethe zezimali. Isimangalo silawule iningi lamakhasi angaphambili ase-UK abelana ngokuhlanganyela nokuhlasela kweFrance isilinganiso sesikweletu se-AAA yaseBrithani. Sekuphele izinsuku eziyishumi nanye i-Standard & Poor's ixwayise ngokuthi ingase yehlise isilinganiso sesikweletu saseFrance ngamanothi amabili ukuthi isilinganiso saseFrance singakwazi yini ukuwubona unyaka kusazobonakala.
Iphalamende lase-Italy kulindeleke ukuthi livotele isabelomali esiphuthumayo sika-technocrat Mario Monti cishe ngo-11am GMT (isikhathi sendawo sasemini). Ukuvota kubizwe ngemizamo ye-Monti yokusheshisa ukuqaliswa kwephakethe lakhe lokunciphisa imali, nokuqinisekisa izimakethe zezimali ukuthi angakwazi ukwenza izinguquko ezithembisile. Akukapheli ngisho amasonto ayisithupha selokhu uBerlusconi ebusa njengondunankulu wase-Italy engene kwelinye ivoti lokumethemba. Isabelomali kufanele siphasiswe, akukho qembu lika-Silvio Berlusconi eliphakathi kwesokudla le-PDL noma i-Democratic Party emaphakathi kwesokunxele efisa ukusolwa ngokubhebhethekisa le nkinga.
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« UChristine Lagarde we-IMF Usebenzisa Igama elithi “D” Ukuthakatha Kathathu NgoLwesihlanu Ongajwayelekile Akunakubeka Isipelingi Ekubhejelweni Okubi kwe-Euro »