Septhemba 23 • Amazwana eMakethe • Ukubukwa okungu-6230 • 1 Comment ku-Fracking Shale Gas, Umnotho We-Fracking
Ukwehla kwamanani wamasheya kanye nokuntengantenga kwezimakethe ze-forex akunginciphisanga ukuthuka inhlamba, ngithuthele eminyakeni embalwa emuva ngithuka inhloli kanye “nezimakethe” lapho ukuhweba kwami kungahambi kahle. Kulungile, ngiyakuvuma, ngisakwenza kaninginingi, kepha hheyi, kufanele ube nomncintiswano wokuncintisana kuleli bhizinisi akunjalo? I-fracking okukhulunywa ngayo ibhekisa kwinqubo yokuhlola i-shale yegesi e-UK, yaziwa ngokuthi yi-fracking.
Kunezikhathi lapho amandla wegezi esibhekene nawo ekushaya khona, hhayi kupompo kuphela (lapho ubona ukuthi uphethiloli ukhuphuke ngo-30% eminyakeni emine eyedlule), noma lapho ucabanga lokho, naphezu kobumnyama bezomnotho, iBrent I-crude isengaphezulu kwama- $ 100 emgqonyeni futhi sibhala imibhalo yemiphongolo kawoyela negesi. Izimo ezintsha zokukhipha uwoyela ezinhlangeni zetiyela, noma ukubhola igesi yemvelo ye-shale, zikhathaza kakhulu. Ugesi we-Shale ukhishwa ngokudonsela phansi emhlabathini bese uqhekeza umfutho we-shale usebenzisa uketshezi olunamandla ukuze ukhiphe igesi. Le nqubo ikhombise ukungqubuzana e-US ngoba inqubo yokumba ifaka amakhemikhali, kufaka phakathi ama-carcinogenic compounds, angangcolisa amanzi.
Izigidigidi sezivele zitshaliwe yizinkampani ezifuna ukuhlola ukukhishwa kwegesi ephuma shale ePennsylvania futhi manje kuphela lapho isinqumo senkantolo yokudlulisa amacala ePennsylvania siphakamise imibuzo yokuthi ngubani ongasho ngokusemthethweni ukuthi ungumnikazi wegesi yemvelo efakwe ekwakhiweni kwe-shale yaseMarcellus, okungenzeka kungabaze ukufaneleka wezinkulungwane zezivumelwano zokuqasha. Ubunikazi bamalungelo kawoyela negesi akucaci. Sekungaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka, iPennsylvania ifune abaninimhlaba ukuthi babheke amalungelo kawoyela negesi ahlukile kunamalungelo “amaminerali” athe xaxa lapho bedlulisa ubunikazi bezinsizakusebenza ngaphansi kwendawo yabo. Abamangalelwa empikiswaneni yetayitela bathi igesi ephuma emanzini ihlukile futhi kufanele ibhekwe njengengxenye yamalungelo ezimbiwa ngoba itholakala ngaphakathi kwedwala.
Izingqinamba zezemvelo uma kuqhathaniswa negesi ephuma emsamu zirekhodwe kahle, okugqame kakhulu kuzo kungukungcola kokuphakelwa kwamanzi kubahlali abaseduzane. Ucwaningo lwakamuva ngemiphumela yokukhishwa kwegesi ephuma emanzini emaceleni okuphuza olushicilelwe kwiProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences kuhlolwe imithombo yamanzi angama-60 ePennsylvania. Yonke imithombo yamanzi, enokugxila okungaphezu kwama-milligram angama-28 e-methane ngelitha ngalinye lamanzi, yayingaphakathi kwekhilomitha elilodwa lokubhola okusebenzayo. Ukuhlakazeka kwe-methane okuncibilikisiwe okungaphezu kuka-28 mg / L kukhombisa ukuthi igesi engaba neziqhumane noma evuthayo iyakhululwa emthonjeni futhi ingakhululwa ezindaweni ezivalelwe ekhaya. Ezimweni eziyishumi imithombo yamanzi iqophe ukufundwa okungaphezu kwama-30 futhi kusondela kuma-70.
E-UK inqubo yokuhlola i-shale yaziwa ngokuthi yi-fracking, inkampani yamandla kagesi i-Cuadrilla Resources isanda kumemezela izinhlelo zokucwila emithonjeni engama-800 endaweni yaseLancashire e-UK kodwa abemikhankaso bacele ukuthi kuvinjelwe ukuhlolwa kwegesi ephuma emanzini phakathi kwezinkinga zemvelo nezokuphepha . Izinkinga zidale ukuthi abakhankasi bacele ukuvinjelwa kweBrithani wonke ukukhishwa kwegesi ephuma emanzini. Izingcingo zokumiswa kokumiswa kwama-fracking zanqatshwa ngasekuqaleni konyaka yikomidi lamaLungu ePhalamende athe alitholanga bufakazi obubeka engcupheni yokuphakelwa kwamanzi avela emanzini angaphansi komhlaba. Imizamo yenkampani yokuhlola ngaseBlackpool yamiswa ekuqaleni konyaka ngenxa yokwesaba ukuthi bekudala ukundindizela, balinganisela ukuthi kukhona ugesi ongaphansi komhlaba ongamamitha ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-200 endaweni. Bahlela ukucwila emithonjeni engama-400 eminyakeni eyisishiyagalolunye ezayo kuze kufike ku-800 ngaphezulu kweminyaka eyi-16 uma ukukhishwa kwegesi kuphumelela.
Sinendlela entsha yokukhipha uphethiloli, engangcolisa futhi ingenise amanzi, ingadala ukuzamazama komhlaba okwakhiwe endaweni, inamandla amakhulu okutshalwa kwezimali ngaphambili, ngokwezomnotho imbuyiselo embi kakhulu ekutshalweni kwezimali futhi inikezwe izindleko ezinkulu ekugcineni Intengo yabathengi izobe iphezulu kakhulu, kepha ukulangazelela kwethu ukudla okungapheli kanye nokuphelelwa ngamandla kukaphethiloli kubanga ukuthi izikhulu zethu esikhethiwe zikhuphule ukukhathazeka ngezinzuzo zesikhathi eside ngenzuzo yesikhashana esifushane yalabo abambalwa.
Njengoba okuhle nokuhle kwezikhulu eziphakeme zezimali seziqoqekile futhi zaqhubeka nokuhlangana emihlanganweni eyahlukahlukene eWashington zibuye zancishiselwa ekutholakaleni kwemibono yokuthinta amachibi angaguquki okuhwamuka ukuze anelise imodeli eyodwa yokukhula enenkani vumelana ne. Bayazi ukuthi banempendulo eyodwa kuphela, kusele iqhinga elilodwa, i-mega bi-lateral QE yokuqeda wonke ama-QE, kepha abakwazi ukuzenza bazi ukuthi ukwehla kwamandla emali kubangelwe (ngamagama angempela nangokwehla kwamandla emali) izikhundla zokutshalwa kwezimali kwabaningi abahlanganisiwe abahle nabakhulu..amakhatholika ahluleka nje ukuzilethela ukuvotela uKhisimusi.
Ngemuva kwesiyaluyalu sezimakethe zase-Asia zayizolo ewele ukuhweba ebusuku nasekuseni kakhulu, kepha hhayi ngokwesaba okunikezwe iziqhumane kuWall Street izolo, i-CSI ivale u-0.6% kwathi iHang Seng yavala u-1.36%. I-ASX ivale u-1.56%, izimpahla eziwayo zihlasela kakhulu inkomba yase-Australia. Ikusasa lenkomba ye-SPX equity okwamanje lisendaweni enhle cishe ngo-0.7%. I-ftse okwamanje ikhuphuke kancane ngamaphuzu angama-22. I-Brent crude ikhuphuke ngama- $ 99 emgqonyeni negolide licishiwe ku- $ 4 i-ounce. ISterling ithole okunye kokuma kwayo uma kuqhathaniswa nama-majors, approx phezulu. U-1% uma uqhathanisa nedola, u-0.5% uqhathanisa ne-yen futhi uyisicaba uma uqhathanisa neSwitzerland. I-Euro ithole inzuzo encane uma iqhathaniswa nedola, u-0.5% owile uma uqhathaniswa neFranc. ISwissy icabalele ngokuqhathaniswa neningi lama-majors kepha ihlehle kancane iqhathaniswa ne-Euro.
Akukho ukukhishwa kwedatha okukhulu kule ntambama ngaphambi noma lapho kuvulwa i-NY.
iziphakamiso zemakethe zangaphambiliamanani kawoyelaama-tar sands
« Umlando wakamuva we-Epic Bank Failure ukhohliwe Ukwenza Isiqiniseko Sokuthi Ube Muse ezindabeni ze-Forex »
I-Fracking Shale Gas, Umnotho We-Fracking
Septhemba 23 • Amazwana eMakethe • Ukubukwa okungu-6230 • 1 Comment ku-Fracking Shale Gas, Umnotho We-Fracking
Ukwehla kwamanani wamasheya kanye nokuntengantenga kwezimakethe ze-forex akunginciphisanga ukuthuka inhlamba, ngithuthele eminyakeni embalwa emuva ngithuka inhloli kanye “nezimakethe” lapho ukuhweba kwami kungahambi kahle. Kulungile, ngiyakuvuma, ngisakwenza kaninginingi, kepha hheyi, kufanele ube nomncintiswano wokuncintisana kuleli bhizinisi akunjalo? I-fracking okukhulunywa ngayo ibhekisa kwinqubo yokuhlola i-shale yegesi e-UK, yaziwa ngokuthi yi-fracking.
Kunezikhathi lapho amandla wegezi esibhekene nawo ekushaya khona, hhayi kupompo kuphela (lapho ubona ukuthi uphethiloli ukhuphuke ngo-30% eminyakeni emine eyedlule), noma lapho ucabanga lokho, naphezu kobumnyama bezomnotho, iBrent I-crude isengaphezulu kwama- $ 100 emgqonyeni futhi sibhala imibhalo yemiphongolo kawoyela negesi. Izimo ezintsha zokukhipha uwoyela ezinhlangeni zetiyela, noma ukubhola igesi yemvelo ye-shale, zikhathaza kakhulu. Ugesi we-Shale ukhishwa ngokudonsela phansi emhlabathini bese uqhekeza umfutho we-shale usebenzisa uketshezi olunamandla ukuze ukhiphe igesi. Le nqubo ikhombise ukungqubuzana e-US ngoba inqubo yokumba ifaka amakhemikhali, kufaka phakathi ama-carcinogenic compounds, angangcolisa amanzi.
Izigidigidi sezivele zitshaliwe yizinkampani ezifuna ukuhlola ukukhishwa kwegesi ephuma shale ePennsylvania futhi manje kuphela lapho isinqumo senkantolo yokudlulisa amacala ePennsylvania siphakamise imibuzo yokuthi ngubani ongasho ngokusemthethweni ukuthi ungumnikazi wegesi yemvelo efakwe ekwakhiweni kwe-shale yaseMarcellus, okungenzeka kungabaze ukufaneleka wezinkulungwane zezivumelwano zokuqasha. Ubunikazi bamalungelo kawoyela negesi akucaci. Sekungaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka, iPennsylvania ifune abaninimhlaba ukuthi babheke amalungelo kawoyela negesi ahlukile kunamalungelo “amaminerali” athe xaxa lapho bedlulisa ubunikazi bezinsizakusebenza ngaphansi kwendawo yabo. Abamangalelwa empikiswaneni yetayitela bathi igesi ephuma emanzini ihlukile futhi kufanele ibhekwe njengengxenye yamalungelo ezimbiwa ngoba itholakala ngaphakathi kwedwala.
Izingqinamba zezemvelo uma kuqhathaniswa negesi ephuma emsamu zirekhodwe kahle, okugqame kakhulu kuzo kungukungcola kokuphakelwa kwamanzi kubahlali abaseduzane. Ucwaningo lwakamuva ngemiphumela yokukhishwa kwegesi ephuma emanzini emaceleni okuphuza olushicilelwe kwiProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences kuhlolwe imithombo yamanzi angama-60 ePennsylvania. Yonke imithombo yamanzi, enokugxila okungaphezu kwama-milligram angama-28 e-methane ngelitha ngalinye lamanzi, yayingaphakathi kwekhilomitha elilodwa lokubhola okusebenzayo. Ukuhlakazeka kwe-methane okuncibilikisiwe okungaphezu kuka-28 mg / L kukhombisa ukuthi igesi engaba neziqhumane noma evuthayo iyakhululwa emthonjeni futhi ingakhululwa ezindaweni ezivalelwe ekhaya. Ezimweni eziyishumi imithombo yamanzi iqophe ukufundwa okungaphezu kwama-30 futhi kusondela kuma-70.
E-UK inqubo yokuhlola i-shale yaziwa ngokuthi yi-fracking, inkampani yamandla kagesi i-Cuadrilla Resources isanda kumemezela izinhlelo zokucwila emithonjeni engama-800 endaweni yaseLancashire e-UK kodwa abemikhankaso bacele ukuthi kuvinjelwe ukuhlolwa kwegesi ephuma emanzini phakathi kwezinkinga zemvelo nezokuphepha . Izinkinga zidale ukuthi abakhankasi bacele ukuvinjelwa kweBrithani wonke ukukhishwa kwegesi ephuma emanzini. Izingcingo zokumiswa kokumiswa kwama-fracking zanqatshwa ngasekuqaleni konyaka yikomidi lamaLungu ePhalamende athe alitholanga bufakazi obubeka engcupheni yokuphakelwa kwamanzi avela emanzini angaphansi komhlaba. Imizamo yenkampani yokuhlola ngaseBlackpool yamiswa ekuqaleni konyaka ngenxa yokwesaba ukuthi bekudala ukundindizela, balinganisela ukuthi kukhona ugesi ongaphansi komhlaba ongamamitha ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-200 endaweni. Bahlela ukucwila emithonjeni engama-400 eminyakeni eyisishiyagalolunye ezayo kuze kufike ku-800 ngaphezulu kweminyaka eyi-16 uma ukukhishwa kwegesi kuphumelela.
Sinendlela entsha yokukhipha uphethiloli, engangcolisa futhi ingenise amanzi, ingadala ukuzamazama komhlaba okwakhiwe endaweni, inamandla amakhulu okutshalwa kwezimali ngaphambili, ngokwezomnotho imbuyiselo embi kakhulu ekutshalweni kwezimali futhi inikezwe izindleko ezinkulu ekugcineni Intengo yabathengi izobe iphezulu kakhulu, kepha ukulangazelela kwethu ukudla okungapheli kanye nokuphelelwa ngamandla kukaphethiloli kubanga ukuthi izikhulu zethu esikhethiwe zikhuphule ukukhathazeka ngezinzuzo zesikhathi eside ngenzuzo yesikhashana esifushane yalabo abambalwa.
Njengoba okuhle nokuhle kwezikhulu eziphakeme zezimali seziqoqekile futhi zaqhubeka nokuhlangana emihlanganweni eyahlukahlukene eWashington zibuye zancishiselwa ekutholakaleni kwemibono yokuthinta amachibi angaguquki okuhwamuka ukuze anelise imodeli eyodwa yokukhula enenkani vumelana ne. Bayazi ukuthi banempendulo eyodwa kuphela, kusele iqhinga elilodwa, i-mega bi-lateral QE yokuqeda wonke ama-QE, kepha abakwazi ukuzenza bazi ukuthi ukwehla kwamandla emali kubangelwe (ngamagama angempela nangokwehla kwamandla emali) izikhundla zokutshalwa kwezimali kwabaningi abahlanganisiwe abahle nabakhulu..amakhatholika ahluleka nje ukuzilethela ukuvotela uKhisimusi.
Ngemuva kwesiyaluyalu sezimakethe zase-Asia zayizolo ewele ukuhweba ebusuku nasekuseni kakhulu, kepha hhayi ngokwesaba okunikezwe iziqhumane kuWall Street izolo, i-CSI ivale u-0.6% kwathi iHang Seng yavala u-1.36%. I-ASX ivale u-1.56%, izimpahla eziwayo zihlasela kakhulu inkomba yase-Australia. Ikusasa lenkomba ye-SPX equity okwamanje lisendaweni enhle cishe ngo-0.7%. I-ftse okwamanje ikhuphuke kancane ngamaphuzu angama-22. I-Brent crude ikhuphuke ngama- $ 99 emgqonyeni negolide licishiwe ku- $ 4 i-ounce. ISterling ithole okunye kokuma kwayo uma kuqhathaniswa nama-majors, approx phezulu. U-1% uma uqhathanisa nedola, u-0.5% uqhathanisa ne-yen futhi uyisicaba uma uqhathanisa neSwitzerland. I-Euro ithole inzuzo encane uma iqhathaniswa nedola, u-0.5% owile uma uqhathaniswa neFranc. ISwissy icabalele ngokuqhathaniswa neningi lama-majors kepha ihlehle kancane iqhathaniswa ne-Euro.
Akukho ukukhishwa kwedatha okukhulu kule ntambama ngaphambi noma lapho kuvulwa i-NY.
iziphakamiso zemakethe zangaphambiliamanani kawoyelaama-tar sands
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