UJan 18 • Amagqabantshintshi eMarike • 10222 izimvo • Comments Off ku Khumbula igama, iRenminbi-Imali yaBantu
Ukulandela iDabi lasePlassey ngo-1757, apho iBritane yathimba i-Bengal kubukumkani bayo, iNkampani yase-Bhritane yase-India yalandela i-monopoly kwimveliso kunye nokuthunyelwa kwe-opium yase-Indiya. Ukongamela kwaqala ngo-1773, iRhuluneli Jikelele yaseBritani yaseBengal yabhangisa i-opium syndicate ePatna. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amahlanu ezayo urhwebo lwe-opium luya kuba sisitshixo sokubamba kweNkampani yase-East India kwilizwekazi…
Ukungeniswa kwe-opium e-China kwavalwa ngumthetho waseTshayina, i-East India Company yaseka iskimu sokurhweba esicokisekileyo ngokwandisa iimarike ezingekho mthethweni. Abarhwebi baseBritani abangaphathanga iopium babethenga iti eCanton ngetyala, kwaye babeza kulungelelanisa amatyala abo ngokuthengisa iopium kwifandesi eCalcutta. Ukusuka apho, i-opium yayiza kufikelela kunxweme lwaseTshayina lufihlwe kwiinqanawa zaseBritani emva koko zithutyelwe eTshayina ngabarhwebi bomthonyama. Ngo-1797 inkampani yaqinisa ukubambelela kurhwebo lwe-opium ngokunyanzelisa urhwebo oluthe ngqo phakathi kwamafama e-opium kunye nama-Bhritane ephelisa indima yokuthenga i-Bengali.
Ukuthunyelwa kweopium yaseBritani eTshayina kwakhula ukususela kwiitoni ezili-15 ngowe-1730 ukuya kutsho kwiitoni ezingama-75 ngowe-1773. Ngeli xesha, uthethathethwano kunye noMlawuli waseQianlong ukunciphisa ukuvalwa kokurhweba, beza entloko ngo-140 phantsi kuka-Earl George Macartney. Iingxoxo ezinjalo azizange ziphumelele.
Iimfazwe zeOpium, ekwaziwa ngokuba ziiMfazwe zamaNgesi namaTshayina, ezahlulahlulwe zaba yiMfazwe yeOpium yokuQala ukusuka ngo-1839 ukuya kowe-1842 kwaye eyeSibini ukusuka kowe-1856 ukuya kowe-1860, yayiyincopho-ndaba yeengxabano ngorhwebo kunye nobudlelwane bozakuzo phakathi kweTshayina phantsi koBukhosi bukaQing kunye neBhritane. Ubukhosi. Emva kokumiselwa kweNkqubo yeCanton ngo-1756, eyayithintele urhwebo kwizibuko elinye kwaye ingavumeli ukungena kwamanye amazwe eTshayina, iNkampani yaseBritish East India yajongana nokungalungelelani korhwebo ixhasa iTshayina kwaye yatyala imali eninzi kwimveliso ye-opium ukulungisa ibhalansi.
Abarhwebi baseBritani nabaseMelika beza neopium kwimizi-mveliso yeBritish East India Company e-Patna nase-Benares, kuBongameli base-Bengal yase-Bhritane yase-India, kunxweme lwase-China, apho bayithengisa kubarhwebi base-China abasasaza ichiza ngokuchasene nemithetho yama-China. Esazi zombini ukutsalwa kwesilivere kunye namanani akhulayo amakhoboka, i-Dao Guang Emperor yafuna inyathelo.
Amagosa enkundla awayexhasa ukuvunyelwa ngokusemthethweni kolu rhwebo ukuze luhlawuliswe irhafu oyiswa ngabo babekhuthaza ukucinezelwa. Ngo-1838, uMlawuli wathumela uLin Zexu eGuangzhou apho wabamba ngokukhawuleza abathengisi be-opium baseTshayina kwaye ngokukhawuleza wafuna ukuba iifemu zangaphandle ziguqule izitokhwe zabo ...
Isixeko sinokwenza ngengeniso eyongezelelweyo eqinisekileyo. ILondon, elona ziko likhulu lehlabathi lokurhweba ngotshintshiselwano lwangaphandle, ukubolekwa kwemali ebhankini enqumla imida kunye nezinto eziphuma kumyinge wenzala, icinezelwa zizo zombini iimpembelelo zengxaki yetyala laseYurophu kwimfuno yeenkonzo zayo kunye nabezopolitiko abatyhola abezemali ngokuzisa imali. uqoqosho lwehlabathi luseluphelweni lokuwohloka. Iibhanki zisabela kwiKomiti yeBasel yoLawulo lweBhanki kwimithetho yamva nje ngokuphuma kwimisebenzi enemali eninzi efana norhwebo lobunikazi, kubeka emngciphekweni imveliso enkulu yase-UK yokuthumela ngaphandle kunye ne-12 ekhulwini leerisithi zerhafu.
I-Square Mile yaseLondon iyancipha ngokukhawuleza kunalo naliphi na iziko lezemali emhlabeni. Emva kokugxotha abasebenzi abaninzi kunalo naliphi na elinye ilizwe kunyaka ophelileyo, iibhanki zekomkhulu zijongene nokuwa kwengeniso yorhwebo, uhlaselo oluvela kwabezopolitiko ukunciphisa imivuzo kunye nokuncitshiswa kwemisebenzi. Urhulumente wase-UK ufuna ukuba iibhanki zahlule abathengi babo kunye neeyunithi zebhanki zotyalo-mali ngelixa iinkokeli ze-European Union zityhala ukurhafisa urhwebo lomntu ngamnye ekupheleni kwalo nyaka.
Ke siphi kanye kanye ngokumalunga nokubona i-renminbi idityaniswe ne-greenback kumaqonga ethu okurhweba sinikwe into yokuba imali yabantu ayiguquki ngokupheleleyo? Enye indlela yokuphuma yimpendulo, kodwa inkqubela kunye nokunyuka kwe-renminbi iye yaphawuleka.
UMnu. Osborne kubonakala ukuba usayine isivumelwano ngoMvulo kunye neHong Kong ejoliswe kwisiXeko sibe yindawo yokuthengisa ngaphandle kwe-renminbi. I-chancellor ivumile imilinganiselo yobugcisa kunye noNorman Chan, umphathi oyintloko we-Hong Kong Monetary Authority, ukunceda iLondon idlale indima ebalulekileyo ekwandiseni ukuma kwe-renminbi njengemali enkulu yehlabathi.
I-China inike inkxaso yayo kumabhongo eLondon okuba liziko elibalulekileyo lorhwebo lwerenminbi elunxwemeni; IHong Kong lelona ziko likhulu lehlabathi elingaselunxwemeni lemali yaseTshayina, lisebenza njengesango lokuthengisa elunxwemeni kwilizwe laseTshayina. I-Hong Kong Monetary Authority isanda kwazisa ukuba yayiza kwandisa iiyure zokusebenza zenkqubo yentlawulo ye-renminbi ngeeyure ezintlanu ukwenzela ukuba kube lula ukurhweba ngaphandle kwe-offshore kunye neLondon, ukwandisa ifestile apho amaziko emali e-London anokuhlawula i-renminbi offshore.
Urhwebo olupheleleyo lwaseTshayina oluzinze erenminbi lunyukile ukusuka kwi-0.7 yeepesenti kwisiqingatha sokuqala sika-2010 ukuya ngaphezulu kwe-9 ekhulwini kwisiqingatha sokuqala sika-2011. Idiphozithi zeRenminbi eHong Kong zinyukile ukusuka kwi-Rmb64bn ngoJanuwari 2010 ukuya kwi-Rmb627bn ngoNovemba ka-2011. yaseTshayina yathi "ixhasa ngamandla" iLondon ukuba ibe liziko elilandelayo lokurhweba irenminbi elunxwemeni, emva kweHong Kong.
Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kwe-razzmatazz kukho impukane enye enkulu kwi-ointment ye-caustic, e-USA. Usuku oluvela ngalo i-renminbi kwiitshathi zethu njengemali yesibini xa ithelekiswa noninzi lweentanga zayo iya kuba lusuku olusondeleyo kwimali eya kuba yimali egcina iplanethi. Ixabiso le-oyile kwirenminbi? Njengoko isifundo sembali esifutshane, esiqulethwe kwimihlathi embalwa yokuqala sibonisa, amazwe aya kwenza konke okusemandleni ukuze alondoloze urhwebo kunye newonga lawo acingelwa ukuba akulo. Indlela i-USA isabela ngayo kwimali yabantu ukuba ibe yimali yehlabathi iya kuba lolona vavanyo lugqibeleleyo lokucenga ukuba behle kumandla abo.
iTshayinaLondonqalela kwakhona
« Ukukhula kwengeniso yeebhanki zase-US ngo-2011 inokuba ibilelona Ngqina licothayo ukusukela ngoxinzelelo olukhulu kwaye akunakulindeleka ukuba liphucule ngo-2012. IGrisi liLizwi njengoko uMnu Papademos ejika iitafile kumdlalo ophakamileyo »
Khumbula igama, iRenminbi-Imali yaBantu
UJan 18 • Amagqabantshintshi eMarike • 10222 izimvo • Comments Off ku Khumbula igama, iRenminbi-Imali yaBantu
Ukulandela iDabi lasePlassey ngo-1757, apho iBritane yathimba i-Bengal kubukumkani bayo, iNkampani yase-Bhritane yase-India yalandela i-monopoly kwimveliso kunye nokuthunyelwa kwe-opium yase-Indiya. Ukongamela kwaqala ngo-1773, iRhuluneli Jikelele yaseBritani yaseBengal yabhangisa i-opium syndicate ePatna. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amahlanu ezayo urhwebo lwe-opium luya kuba sisitshixo sokubamba kweNkampani yase-East India kwilizwekazi…
Ukungeniswa kwe-opium e-China kwavalwa ngumthetho waseTshayina, i-East India Company yaseka iskimu sokurhweba esicokisekileyo ngokwandisa iimarike ezingekho mthethweni. Abarhwebi baseBritani abangaphathanga iopium babethenga iti eCanton ngetyala, kwaye babeza kulungelelanisa amatyala abo ngokuthengisa iopium kwifandesi eCalcutta. Ukusuka apho, i-opium yayiza kufikelela kunxweme lwaseTshayina lufihlwe kwiinqanawa zaseBritani emva koko zithutyelwe eTshayina ngabarhwebi bomthonyama. Ngo-1797 inkampani yaqinisa ukubambelela kurhwebo lwe-opium ngokunyanzelisa urhwebo oluthe ngqo phakathi kwamafama e-opium kunye nama-Bhritane ephelisa indima yokuthenga i-Bengali.
Ukuthunyelwa kweopium yaseBritani eTshayina kwakhula ukususela kwiitoni ezili-15 ngowe-1730 ukuya kutsho kwiitoni ezingama-75 ngowe-1773. Ngeli xesha, uthethathethwano kunye noMlawuli waseQianlong ukunciphisa ukuvalwa kokurhweba, beza entloko ngo-140 phantsi kuka-Earl George Macartney. Iingxoxo ezinjalo azizange ziphumelele.
Iimfazwe zeOpium, ekwaziwa ngokuba ziiMfazwe zamaNgesi namaTshayina, ezahlulahlulwe zaba yiMfazwe yeOpium yokuQala ukusuka ngo-1839 ukuya kowe-1842 kwaye eyeSibini ukusuka kowe-1856 ukuya kowe-1860, yayiyincopho-ndaba yeengxabano ngorhwebo kunye nobudlelwane bozakuzo phakathi kweTshayina phantsi koBukhosi bukaQing kunye neBhritane. Ubukhosi. Emva kokumiselwa kweNkqubo yeCanton ngo-1756, eyayithintele urhwebo kwizibuko elinye kwaye ingavumeli ukungena kwamanye amazwe eTshayina, iNkampani yaseBritish East India yajongana nokungalungelelani korhwebo ixhasa iTshayina kwaye yatyala imali eninzi kwimveliso ye-opium ukulungisa ibhalansi.
Abarhwebi baseBritani nabaseMelika beza neopium kwimizi-mveliso yeBritish East India Company e-Patna nase-Benares, kuBongameli base-Bengal yase-Bhritane yase-India, kunxweme lwase-China, apho bayithengisa kubarhwebi base-China abasasaza ichiza ngokuchasene nemithetho yama-China. Esazi zombini ukutsalwa kwesilivere kunye namanani akhulayo amakhoboka, i-Dao Guang Emperor yafuna inyathelo.
Amagosa enkundla awayexhasa ukuvunyelwa ngokusemthethweni kolu rhwebo ukuze luhlawuliswe irhafu oyiswa ngabo babekhuthaza ukucinezelwa. Ngo-1838, uMlawuli wathumela uLin Zexu eGuangzhou apho wabamba ngokukhawuleza abathengisi be-opium baseTshayina kwaye ngokukhawuleza wafuna ukuba iifemu zangaphandle ziguqule izitokhwe zabo ...
Isixeko sinokwenza ngengeniso eyongezelelweyo eqinisekileyo. ILondon, elona ziko likhulu lehlabathi lokurhweba ngotshintshiselwano lwangaphandle, ukubolekwa kwemali ebhankini enqumla imida kunye nezinto eziphuma kumyinge wenzala, icinezelwa zizo zombini iimpembelelo zengxaki yetyala laseYurophu kwimfuno yeenkonzo zayo kunye nabezopolitiko abatyhola abezemali ngokuzisa imali. uqoqosho lwehlabathi luseluphelweni lokuwohloka. Iibhanki zisabela kwiKomiti yeBasel yoLawulo lweBhanki kwimithetho yamva nje ngokuphuma kwimisebenzi enemali eninzi efana norhwebo lobunikazi, kubeka emngciphekweni imveliso enkulu yase-UK yokuthumela ngaphandle kunye ne-12 ekhulwini leerisithi zerhafu.
I-Square Mile yaseLondon iyancipha ngokukhawuleza kunalo naliphi na iziko lezemali emhlabeni. Emva kokugxotha abasebenzi abaninzi kunalo naliphi na elinye ilizwe kunyaka ophelileyo, iibhanki zekomkhulu zijongene nokuwa kwengeniso yorhwebo, uhlaselo oluvela kwabezopolitiko ukunciphisa imivuzo kunye nokuncitshiswa kwemisebenzi. Urhulumente wase-UK ufuna ukuba iibhanki zahlule abathengi babo kunye neeyunithi zebhanki zotyalo-mali ngelixa iinkokeli ze-European Union zityhala ukurhafisa urhwebo lomntu ngamnye ekupheleni kwalo nyaka.
Ke siphi kanye kanye ngokumalunga nokubona i-renminbi idityaniswe ne-greenback kumaqonga ethu okurhweba sinikwe into yokuba imali yabantu ayiguquki ngokupheleleyo? Enye indlela yokuphuma yimpendulo, kodwa inkqubela kunye nokunyuka kwe-renminbi iye yaphawuleka.
UMnu. Osborne kubonakala ukuba usayine isivumelwano ngoMvulo kunye neHong Kong ejoliswe kwisiXeko sibe yindawo yokuthengisa ngaphandle kwe-renminbi. I-chancellor ivumile imilinganiselo yobugcisa kunye noNorman Chan, umphathi oyintloko we-Hong Kong Monetary Authority, ukunceda iLondon idlale indima ebalulekileyo ekwandiseni ukuma kwe-renminbi njengemali enkulu yehlabathi.
I-China inike inkxaso yayo kumabhongo eLondon okuba liziko elibalulekileyo lorhwebo lwerenminbi elunxwemeni; IHong Kong lelona ziko likhulu lehlabathi elingaselunxwemeni lemali yaseTshayina, lisebenza njengesango lokuthengisa elunxwemeni kwilizwe laseTshayina. I-Hong Kong Monetary Authority isanda kwazisa ukuba yayiza kwandisa iiyure zokusebenza zenkqubo yentlawulo ye-renminbi ngeeyure ezintlanu ukwenzela ukuba kube lula ukurhweba ngaphandle kwe-offshore kunye neLondon, ukwandisa ifestile apho amaziko emali e-London anokuhlawula i-renminbi offshore.
Urhwebo olupheleleyo lwaseTshayina oluzinze erenminbi lunyukile ukusuka kwi-0.7 yeepesenti kwisiqingatha sokuqala sika-2010 ukuya ngaphezulu kwe-9 ekhulwini kwisiqingatha sokuqala sika-2011. Idiphozithi zeRenminbi eHong Kong zinyukile ukusuka kwi-Rmb64bn ngoJanuwari 2010 ukuya kwi-Rmb627bn ngoNovemba ka-2011. yaseTshayina yathi "ixhasa ngamandla" iLondon ukuba ibe liziko elilandelayo lokurhweba irenminbi elunxwemeni, emva kweHong Kong.
Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kwe-razzmatazz kukho impukane enye enkulu kwi-ointment ye-caustic, e-USA. Usuku oluvela ngalo i-renminbi kwiitshathi zethu njengemali yesibini xa ithelekiswa noninzi lweentanga zayo iya kuba lusuku olusondeleyo kwimali eya kuba yimali egcina iplanethi. Ixabiso le-oyile kwirenminbi? Njengoko isifundo sembali esifutshane, esiqulethwe kwimihlathi embalwa yokuqala sibonisa, amazwe aya kwenza konke okusemandleni ukuze alondoloze urhwebo kunye newonga lawo acingelwa ukuba akulo. Indlela i-USA isabela ngayo kwimali yabantu ukuba ibe yimali yehlabathi iya kuba lolona vavanyo lugqibeleleyo lokucenga ukuba behle kumandla abo.
iTshayinaLondonqalela kwakhona
« Ukukhula kwengeniso yeebhanki zase-US ngo-2011 inokuba ibilelona Ngqina licothayo ukusukela ngoxinzelelo olukhulu kwaye akunakulindeleka ukuba liphucule ngo-2012. IGrisi liLizwi njengoko uMnu Papademos ejika iitafile kumdlalo ophakamileyo »