UJan 30 • Amagqabantshintshi eMarike • 10650 izimvo • 1 Comment on Ngaba ukubuyiswa kwe-Iceland kubenza babe ngabona bafana basenyameni malunga nengozi yemali?
Ssshhh..whisper ithule but that austerity "stuff" nje ayisebenzi. Awunakuze uyiqikelele kodwa ngoku, umzekelo, iSpain ibuyela 'ekukhuleni' okungalunganga kwaye i-51.5% yabantu abadala abasebatsha abaphangeli, zezona zilungileyo kwaye zilungile kwi-IMF, i-EU, i-ECB kunye neBhanki yeHlabathi iqala ukubuza 'ubulumko' bobukrakra.
Ewe kunjalo, iphazili yezoqoqosho, nokuba abantwana bezikolo eziphakamileyo abafunda ezoqoqosho banokufumanisa ukuba ngekhe kusebenze, akusebenzi. Sika izigidi zemisebenzi, unciphise inkcitho yoluntu kwaye abantu abanakho ukuchitha okanye abayi kuchitha (ngenxa yokoyika abahleli ngokungazinzi kwezemali) kunye noqoqosho oluthwele imfundiso 'ye-austerical', ehanjiswa ngenzondelelo yenkolo ngumkhosi wobuchwephesha apparatchiks, fumana izixhobo eziguqukayo. Uqoqosho olunzulu ngoku lubuyile kwi-radar ye-Eurozone nokuba umba omncinci waseGrisi kusonjululwe kule veki.
Ewe, asikaze sikubone oko kuza thina? Yifefa imfundiso yokukhula ngokuchasene nokukhula, njengokuphosa ukhula-ngca kwingca esempilweni ngexesha lasehlotyeni, kwaye isiphumo sisenokuba kukuncipha. Eyona nkxalabo yeyokuba abasebhankini kunye nabapolitiko babone ukuba "beza" bayazi kakuhle into eza kwenzeka kuqoqosho kunye nokuhamba kakuhle kwabemi be-PIIGS ukuba la manyathelo angqangi ayaziswa, kodwa baqhubeka yayikukugcina inkqubo, inkqubo yabo, nokuba leliphi na ixabiso eliza kuthi ekugqibeleni lihlawulwe zizizukulwana ezizayo.
Ngaphandle kokuzisonga ngesandla kunye neziprofeto zentshabalalo ziinkokheli zethu zopolitiko phaya ngo-2008-2009 zazikhona ezinye iindlela zokulungisa inkqubo yemali ngaphandle kokuphinda kulungiswe iindlela ezisentshona. Masingakulibali ukuba i-Asiya isabhekisa ekuweni okunokubakho ngo-2008-2009 njenge "ngxaki yebhanki yasentshona". Kwaye uninzi lwethu lwalusezintlungwini zokubonisa ngo-2008-2009 ukuthintela ukudodobala koqoqosho okukhulu emva koko kunokuba neziphumo ebezingalindelwanga ngendlela yoxinzelelo olukhulu kamva.
Ubungqina bokunye kwaye yayiyi-Iceland. Kukho iindaba ezimnyama ezimnyama malunga ne-Iceland yokubuyela kwimeko yesiqhelo kwaye ngendlela encomekayo enikeziweyo ixesha elifutshane elifutshane elidlulileyo. Ngelixa abenzi bezigqibo eIceland 'bengayinikanga ngokupheleleyo inkqubo yebhanki yelizwe ngomnwe, (bayamkele i-IMF yokuhlangulwa kwizigidi ngokuchasene neebhiliyoni) bathatha izithonga kwaye bachacha. Iibhanki zabo kwaye okona kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba abaninizabelo abathathe umngcipheko, bezicinyiwe zonke iinjongo kunye neenjongo.
I-Iceland ayikhange ibale iibhanki zabo kwaye bafumana ukukhula kwe-3% (kwaye akukho manyathelo angqongqo), eli lixesha eliphindwe kalishumi kwinqanaba lokukhula kweSpain. Ngoku njengoko i-Iceland yayinjalo, (njengoko sasikhokelwa ukuba sikholwe ngelo xesha) ilizwe elilelona likhulu, ngokuqinisekileyo ukubuyiselwa kwabo, ngexeshana elifutshane, kungqina ukuba ukukhupha iibhanki; Ukugqithisela ityala kubabhatala irhafu kwaye ulibize ngokuba lityala elizimeleyo kunye nokunyanzelisa amanyathelo angqongqo, eneneni kukuzibulala kwezoqoqosho.
Ngokuqinisekileyo kufanelekile ukuthatha ixesha lokujonga imeko ye-Iceland xa ithelekiswa neSpain, iGrisi, i-Ireland, i-Itali nePortugal..oh neFrance. Oku kulandelayo yimbali emfutshane yentlekele kunye noluvo lwezikhanyiso ezinje ngoJoseph Sitglitz onokuthi ubukele apha ngezantsi: "Izifundo ezivela kwingxaki yezoqoqosho e-Iceland", "Ingxaki yase-Iceland kunye nokuchacha"
Ingxaki ye-Iceland
Ingxaki yezemali yase-Iceland ka-2008-2009 yayiyeyona ngxaki iphambili kwezoqoqosho nezopolitiko e-Iceland ebandakanya ukuwa kwazo zontathu iibhanki ezinkulu zelizwe kulandela ubunzima bazo ekuhlawuleni amatyala abo exesha elifutshane kunye nokubaleka kwiidiphozithi e-United Kingdom. Inxulumene nobukhulu boqoqosho lwayo, ukuwa kwebhanki e-Iceland lelona lizwe lihle kakhulu kwimbali yezoqoqosho.
Ingxaki yemali e-Iceland yaba neziphumo ezibi kuqoqosho lwase-Iceland. Imali yelizwe yehle kakhulu kwixabiso, ukuthengiselana kwemali yelinye ilizwe bekumiswe phantse iiveki, kwaye imali yentengiso ye-Icelandic stock exchange yehle ngaphezulu kwe-90%. Ngenxa yengxaki, i-Iceland iye yadodobala kanobom; Isambuku semveliso yelizwe sehle nge-5.5% ngokwenyani kwiinyanga ezintandathu zokuqala zika-2009. Iindleko ezipheleleyo zentlekele azikaziwa, kodwa sele iqikelela ukuba ingaphezulu kwe-75% ye-GDP yeli lizwe ka-2007. Ngaphandle kwe-Iceland, ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha sesigidi sababeka (ngaphezulu kakhulu kwabemi base-Iceland) bafumene iiakhawunti zabo zebhanki zikhenkcezisiwe phakathi kwengxoxo yozakuzo malunga ne-inshurensi yedipozithi. Ibhanki yaseJamani iBayernLB ijongene nelahleko efikelela kwi-1.5 yezigidigidi kwaye kwafuneka ifune uncedo kurhulumente waseJamani. Urhulumente we-Isle of Man uhlawule isiqingatha soovimba, elingana ne-7.5% ye-GDP yesiqithi, kwi-inshurensi yokufaka imali.
Ubume bezemali e-Iceland buye baphucuka ngokuthe chu ukusukela kwengozi. Ukunqongophala kwezoqoqosho kunye nokunyuka kwentswela-ngqesho kubonakala ukuba sele kubanjiwe ngasekupheleni kuka-2010 kwaye ukukhula kuqhubeka phakathi ku-2011. Zintathu izinto ezingundoqo ebezibalulekile malunga noku…
Okokuqala umthetho ongxamisekileyo owapasiswa yipalamente yase-Iceland ngo-Okthobha u-2008 owawusebenzela ukunciphisa ifuthe lobunzima bezemali kwilizwe. Igunya loLawulo lwezeMali e-Iceland lisebenzise umthetho ongxamisekileyo ukuthatha imisebenzi yekhaya yeebhanki ezintathu ezinkulu. Imisebenzi emikhulu yamanye amazwe yeebhanki yangena ekufumaneni.
Into yesibini ebalulekileyo yaba yimpumelelo ye-IM-Stand-Arrangement kweli lizwe ukusukela ngoNovemba ka-2008. I-SBA ibandakanya iintsika ezintathu. Intsika yokuqala yinkqubo yokudityaniswa kwemali yexesha eliphakathi, ebandakanya amanyathelo angqongqo obuhlungu kunye nokunyuka okukhulu kwerhafu. Isiphumo kukuba amatyala karhulumente aphakathi azinzisiwe malunga neepesenti ezingama-80 ukuya kuma-90 ze-GDP. Insika yesibini kukuvuswa kwenkqubo yokubhankisha yasekhaya esebenzayo kodwa yehle kakhulu. Intsika yesithathu ukwenziwa kolawulo lwemali kunye nomsebenzi wokunyusa ngokuthe ngcembe ukubuyisela amakhonkco ezemali aqhelekileyo kwilizwe langaphandle. Isiphumo esibalulekileyo somthetho ongxamisekileyo kunye ne-SBA kukuba ilizwe alikhange lichaphazeleke kanobom yingxaki yamatyala amakhulu e-Europe ukusukela ngo-2010.
Ngaphandle kwengxoxo-mpikiswano ne-Bhritane kunye ne-Netherlands malunga nombuzo wesiqinisekiso sikarhulumente kwi-Icesave ye-Landsbanki kula mazwe, ukungagqibeki kwetyala kumatyala amakhulu e-Iceland kuye kwancipha ukusuka kumanqaku angaphezulu kwe-1000 ngaphambi kwengozi ngo-2008 ukuya kuthi ga kumanqaku angama-200. Ngenyanga kaJuni ka-2011. Into yokuba ii-asethi zamasebe angaphumelelanga e-Landsbanki ngoku ziqikelelwa ukuba zigubungela uninzi lwamabango e-depositor ibe nempembelelo yokuphelisa inkxalabo malunga nale meko.
Okokugqibela, into yesithathu ephambili ekusombululeni ingxaki yezemali yayisisigqibo sikarhulumente wase-Iceland sokufaka isicelo sobulungu kwi-EU ngoJulayi ka-2009. Olunye uphawu lwempumelelo lwatyhilwa njengoko urhulumente wase-Iceland waqokelela ngempumelelo i-1 yezigidigidi zeerandi Umba we bond ngomhla we 9 ku June 2011. Olu phuhliso lubonisa ukuba abatyali zimali bamanye amazwe banike urhulumente nenkqubo entsha ye banking, neebhanki ezimbini kwezintathu ezinkulu ngoku zisezandleni zamanye amazwe, umthetho ococekileyo wezempilo.
UJoseph Stiglitz - "Izifundo ezivela kwingxaki yezoqoqosho e-Iceland"
www.youtube.com/watch?v=HaZQSmsWj1g
AyisilendUJoseph stiglitz
« I-SHIBOR, Ngaba oku kuyakuba sisigama seminyaka elishumi kubaThengisi beFX? I-39% yabarhwebi be-Forex banenzuzo »
Ngaba ukubuyiswa kwe-Iceland kubenza babe ngabafana boqobo boNyango lweMali?
UJan 30 • Amagqabantshintshi eMarike • 10650 izimvo • 1 Comment on Ngaba ukubuyiswa kwe-Iceland kubenza babe ngabona bafana basenyameni malunga nengozi yemali?
Ssshhh..whisper ithule but that austerity "stuff" nje ayisebenzi. Awunakuze uyiqikelele kodwa ngoku, umzekelo, iSpain ibuyela 'ekukhuleni' okungalunganga kwaye i-51.5% yabantu abadala abasebatsha abaphangeli, zezona zilungileyo kwaye zilungile kwi-IMF, i-EU, i-ECB kunye neBhanki yeHlabathi iqala ukubuza 'ubulumko' bobukrakra.
Ewe kunjalo, iphazili yezoqoqosho, nokuba abantwana bezikolo eziphakamileyo abafunda ezoqoqosho banokufumanisa ukuba ngekhe kusebenze, akusebenzi. Sika izigidi zemisebenzi, unciphise inkcitho yoluntu kwaye abantu abanakho ukuchitha okanye abayi kuchitha (ngenxa yokoyika abahleli ngokungazinzi kwezemali) kunye noqoqosho oluthwele imfundiso 'ye-austerical', ehanjiswa ngenzondelelo yenkolo ngumkhosi wobuchwephesha apparatchiks, fumana izixhobo eziguqukayo. Uqoqosho olunzulu ngoku lubuyile kwi-radar ye-Eurozone nokuba umba omncinci waseGrisi kusonjululwe kule veki.
Ewe, asikaze sikubone oko kuza thina? Yifefa imfundiso yokukhula ngokuchasene nokukhula, njengokuphosa ukhula-ngca kwingca esempilweni ngexesha lasehlotyeni, kwaye isiphumo sisenokuba kukuncipha. Eyona nkxalabo yeyokuba abasebhankini kunye nabapolitiko babone ukuba "beza" bayazi kakuhle into eza kwenzeka kuqoqosho kunye nokuhamba kakuhle kwabemi be-PIIGS ukuba la manyathelo angqangi ayaziswa, kodwa baqhubeka yayikukugcina inkqubo, inkqubo yabo, nokuba leliphi na ixabiso eliza kuthi ekugqibeleni lihlawulwe zizizukulwana ezizayo.
Ngaphandle kokuzisonga ngesandla kunye neziprofeto zentshabalalo ziinkokheli zethu zopolitiko phaya ngo-2008-2009 zazikhona ezinye iindlela zokulungisa inkqubo yemali ngaphandle kokuphinda kulungiswe iindlela ezisentshona. Masingakulibali ukuba i-Asiya isabhekisa ekuweni okunokubakho ngo-2008-2009 njenge "ngxaki yebhanki yasentshona". Kwaye uninzi lwethu lwalusezintlungwini zokubonisa ngo-2008-2009 ukuthintela ukudodobala koqoqosho okukhulu emva koko kunokuba neziphumo ebezingalindelwanga ngendlela yoxinzelelo olukhulu kamva.
Ubungqina bokunye kwaye yayiyi-Iceland. Kukho iindaba ezimnyama ezimnyama malunga ne-Iceland yokubuyela kwimeko yesiqhelo kwaye ngendlela encomekayo enikeziweyo ixesha elifutshane elifutshane elidlulileyo. Ngelixa abenzi bezigqibo eIceland 'bengayinikanga ngokupheleleyo inkqubo yebhanki yelizwe ngomnwe, (bayamkele i-IMF yokuhlangulwa kwizigidi ngokuchasene neebhiliyoni) bathatha izithonga kwaye bachacha. Iibhanki zabo kwaye okona kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba abaninizabelo abathathe umngcipheko, bezicinyiwe zonke iinjongo kunye neenjongo.
I-Iceland ayikhange ibale iibhanki zabo kwaye bafumana ukukhula kwe-3% (kwaye akukho manyathelo angqongqo), eli lixesha eliphindwe kalishumi kwinqanaba lokukhula kweSpain. Ngoku njengoko i-Iceland yayinjalo, (njengoko sasikhokelwa ukuba sikholwe ngelo xesha) ilizwe elilelona likhulu, ngokuqinisekileyo ukubuyiselwa kwabo, ngexeshana elifutshane, kungqina ukuba ukukhupha iibhanki; Ukugqithisela ityala kubabhatala irhafu kwaye ulibize ngokuba lityala elizimeleyo kunye nokunyanzelisa amanyathelo angqongqo, eneneni kukuzibulala kwezoqoqosho.
Ngokuqinisekileyo kufanelekile ukuthatha ixesha lokujonga imeko ye-Iceland xa ithelekiswa neSpain, iGrisi, i-Ireland, i-Itali nePortugal..oh neFrance. Oku kulandelayo yimbali emfutshane yentlekele kunye noluvo lwezikhanyiso ezinje ngoJoseph Sitglitz onokuthi ubukele apha ngezantsi: "Izifundo ezivela kwingxaki yezoqoqosho e-Iceland", "Ingxaki yase-Iceland kunye nokuchacha"
Ingxaki ye-Iceland
Ingxaki yezemali yase-Iceland ka-2008-2009 yayiyeyona ngxaki iphambili kwezoqoqosho nezopolitiko e-Iceland ebandakanya ukuwa kwazo zontathu iibhanki ezinkulu zelizwe kulandela ubunzima bazo ekuhlawuleni amatyala abo exesha elifutshane kunye nokubaleka kwiidiphozithi e-United Kingdom. Inxulumene nobukhulu boqoqosho lwayo, ukuwa kwebhanki e-Iceland lelona lizwe lihle kakhulu kwimbali yezoqoqosho.
Ingxaki yemali e-Iceland yaba neziphumo ezibi kuqoqosho lwase-Iceland. Imali yelizwe yehle kakhulu kwixabiso, ukuthengiselana kwemali yelinye ilizwe bekumiswe phantse iiveki, kwaye imali yentengiso ye-Icelandic stock exchange yehle ngaphezulu kwe-90%. Ngenxa yengxaki, i-Iceland iye yadodobala kanobom; Isambuku semveliso yelizwe sehle nge-5.5% ngokwenyani kwiinyanga ezintandathu zokuqala zika-2009. Iindleko ezipheleleyo zentlekele azikaziwa, kodwa sele iqikelela ukuba ingaphezulu kwe-75% ye-GDP yeli lizwe ka-2007. Ngaphandle kwe-Iceland, ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha sesigidi sababeka (ngaphezulu kakhulu kwabemi base-Iceland) bafumene iiakhawunti zabo zebhanki zikhenkcezisiwe phakathi kwengxoxo yozakuzo malunga ne-inshurensi yedipozithi. Ibhanki yaseJamani iBayernLB ijongene nelahleko efikelela kwi-1.5 yezigidigidi kwaye kwafuneka ifune uncedo kurhulumente waseJamani. Urhulumente we-Isle of Man uhlawule isiqingatha soovimba, elingana ne-7.5% ye-GDP yesiqithi, kwi-inshurensi yokufaka imali.
Ubume bezemali e-Iceland buye baphucuka ngokuthe chu ukusukela kwengozi. Ukunqongophala kwezoqoqosho kunye nokunyuka kwentswela-ngqesho kubonakala ukuba sele kubanjiwe ngasekupheleni kuka-2010 kwaye ukukhula kuqhubeka phakathi ku-2011. Zintathu izinto ezingundoqo ebezibalulekile malunga noku…
Okokuqala umthetho ongxamisekileyo owapasiswa yipalamente yase-Iceland ngo-Okthobha u-2008 owawusebenzela ukunciphisa ifuthe lobunzima bezemali kwilizwe. Igunya loLawulo lwezeMali e-Iceland lisebenzise umthetho ongxamisekileyo ukuthatha imisebenzi yekhaya yeebhanki ezintathu ezinkulu. Imisebenzi emikhulu yamanye amazwe yeebhanki yangena ekufumaneni.
Into yesibini ebalulekileyo yaba yimpumelelo ye-IM-Stand-Arrangement kweli lizwe ukusukela ngoNovemba ka-2008. I-SBA ibandakanya iintsika ezintathu. Intsika yokuqala yinkqubo yokudityaniswa kwemali yexesha eliphakathi, ebandakanya amanyathelo angqongqo obuhlungu kunye nokunyuka okukhulu kwerhafu. Isiphumo kukuba amatyala karhulumente aphakathi azinzisiwe malunga neepesenti ezingama-80 ukuya kuma-90 ze-GDP. Insika yesibini kukuvuswa kwenkqubo yokubhankisha yasekhaya esebenzayo kodwa yehle kakhulu. Intsika yesithathu ukwenziwa kolawulo lwemali kunye nomsebenzi wokunyusa ngokuthe ngcembe ukubuyisela amakhonkco ezemali aqhelekileyo kwilizwe langaphandle. Isiphumo esibalulekileyo somthetho ongxamisekileyo kunye ne-SBA kukuba ilizwe alikhange lichaphazeleke kanobom yingxaki yamatyala amakhulu e-Europe ukusukela ngo-2010.
Ngaphandle kwengxoxo-mpikiswano ne-Bhritane kunye ne-Netherlands malunga nombuzo wesiqinisekiso sikarhulumente kwi-Icesave ye-Landsbanki kula mazwe, ukungagqibeki kwetyala kumatyala amakhulu e-Iceland kuye kwancipha ukusuka kumanqaku angaphezulu kwe-1000 ngaphambi kwengozi ngo-2008 ukuya kuthi ga kumanqaku angama-200. Ngenyanga kaJuni ka-2011. Into yokuba ii-asethi zamasebe angaphumelelanga e-Landsbanki ngoku ziqikelelwa ukuba zigubungela uninzi lwamabango e-depositor ibe nempembelelo yokuphelisa inkxalabo malunga nale meko.
Okokugqibela, into yesithathu ephambili ekusombululeni ingxaki yezemali yayisisigqibo sikarhulumente wase-Iceland sokufaka isicelo sobulungu kwi-EU ngoJulayi ka-2009. Olunye uphawu lwempumelelo lwatyhilwa njengoko urhulumente wase-Iceland waqokelela ngempumelelo i-1 yezigidigidi zeerandi Umba we bond ngomhla we 9 ku June 2011. Olu phuhliso lubonisa ukuba abatyali zimali bamanye amazwe banike urhulumente nenkqubo entsha ye banking, neebhanki ezimbini kwezintathu ezinkulu ngoku zisezandleni zamanye amazwe, umthetho ococekileyo wezempilo.
UJoseph Stiglitz - "Izifundo ezivela kwingxaki yezoqoqosho e-Iceland"
www.youtube.com/watch?v=HaZQSmsWj1g
AyisilendUJoseph stiglitz
« I-SHIBOR, Ngaba oku kuyakuba sisigama seminyaka elishumi kubaThengisi beFX? I-39% yabarhwebi be-Forex banenzuzo »