Ndira 18 • Mashoko eMusika • 10225 Views • Comments Off pane Rangarira Zita, Renminbi - Iyo Mari Yevanhu
Ichitevera Hondo yePlassey muna 1757, umo Britain yakatora Bengal kuhumambo hwayo, yeBritish East India Kambani yakateedzera hutongi mukugadzirwa nekutumirwa kunze kwenyika kweIndia opiamu. Iyo monopoly yakatanga nemoyo wese muna 1773, weBritish Gavhuna-General weBangal akabvisa opium syndicate kuPatna. Kwemakore makumi mashanu anotevera opiyamu yekutengeserana ndiyo ichava kiyi yekubata kweEast India Kambani pane iyo subcontinent…
Kuunzwa kweopiyamu kuChina kwakarambidzwa nemutemo weChinese, iyo East India Kambani yakagadzira hurongwa hwekutengesa hwakawandisa nekutengesa misika isiri pamutemo. Vatengesi veBritain vasina kana opiamu vaitenga tii muCanton nechikwereti, uye vaizoenzanisa zvikwereti zvavo nekutengesa opiamu kukosheni kuCalcutta. Kubva ipapo, opiamu yaizosvika kumahombekombe eChina akavanzwa mungarava dzeBritish dzobva dzapinda muchivande kuChina nevatengesi vemo. Muna 1797 kambani iyi yakasimbisa kubata kwayo pamusoro peopiyamu kutengeserana nekumanikidza kutengeserana kwakananga pakati pevarimi veopiyamu nemaBritish vachipedzisa basa revaBangali vanotenga vamiririri.
Kutengeswa kweBritish kuopium kuChina kwakakura kubva pamatani gumi nemashanu muna 15 kusvika kumatani makumi manomwe muna 1730. Chigadzirwa chacho chakatumirwa mumabhokisi anopfuura zviuru zviviri, chimwe nechimwe chiine makirogiramu makumi matanhatu nemana eopium. Zvichakadaro, kutaurirana naQianlong Emperor kurerutsa kurambidzwa kwekutengeserana kunoitwa, kuchisvika muna 75 pasi paEarl George Macartney. Kukurukurirana kwakadaro hakuna kubudirira.
Iyo Opium Wars, inozivikanwa zvakare seAnglo-Chinese Hondo, yakakamurwa muFirst Opium War kubva muna 1839 kusvika muna 1842 uye yechipiri kubva muna 1856 kusvika muna 1860, ndiyo yaive mugumo wemakakatanwa pamusoro pehukama hwekutengeserana nekudyidzana pakati peChina pasi peKing Dynasty neBritish. Humambo. Mushure mekugadzwa kweCanton System muna 1756, yaitadzisa kutengeserana kune chimwe chiteshi uye isingatenderi kupinda kune dzimwe nyika kuChina, yeBritish East India Kambani yakatarisana nekusaenzana kwekutengeserana ichida China uye yakaisa mari yakawanda mukugadzirwa kweopiyamu kugadzirisa muyero.
Vatengesi veBritish neUnited States vakauya neopium kubva kumafekitori eBritish East India Company muPatna neBenares, muBengal Presidency yeBritish India, kumahombekombe eChina, uko kwavakanoitengesera vapambi vechiChinese vakagovera mushonga uyu vachipokana nemitemo yekuChina. Achiziva ese madhiri esirivha uye huwandu huri kukura hwevanopindwa muropa, Dao Guang Emperor akarayira kuti zviitwe.
Vakuru padare vakakurudzira kutemerwa kwekutengeserana kuitira kuti vabhadhare mutero vakakundwa neavo vaitsigira kudzvanyirira. Muna 1838, Changamire vakatumira Lin Zexu kuGuangzhou uko akakurumidza kusunga vatengesi veChina uye akakurudzira kuti mafemu ekunze apinze matura avo…
Guta raigona kuita nemari yekuwedzera iyo ndeyechokwadi. London, nzvimbo yepasirese yepasi rose yekutengeserana kwekuchinjana-kunze, kukwereta muganho kubhengi kukweretesa uye zviyero zvemitero, iri kusvinwa nezvose zvinokanganisa dambudziko reEuropean-chikwereti pakudiwa kwemabasa ayo uye vezvematongerwo enyika vanopomera varombo mari nekuunza iyo hupfumi hwenyika kusvika pamucheto wekudonha. Mabhangi ari kupindura iyo Basel Committee yeMabhangi Supervision mitemo yazvino nekubuda muzviitiko zvakakurisa mari senge yekutengesa kwekambani, ichiisa panjodzi bhizimusi hombe rekuUK rekuburitsa kunze uye 12 muzana yemitero yayo yemitero.
London's Mile Square iri kudzikira nekukurumidza kupfuura chero nzvimbo yemari pasi rose. Dzinge dzadzinga vashandi vakawanda kupfuura mune chero imwe nyika gore rapfuura, mabhanga eguta guru akatarisana nekuderera kwemari yekutengesa, kurwiswa kubva kune vezvematongerwo enyika kudzikisa mihoro uye kuderedzwa kwemabasa. Hurumende yeUK inoda kuti mabhanga apatsanure vatengi uye mabhanga ekudyara nepo vatungamiriri veEuropean Union vachimanikidza kubhadhara mutero mumwe nemumwe pakupera kwegore rino.
Saka ndepapi chaipo patiri maererano nekuona renminbi paired neiyo greenback pane edu ekutengesa mapuratifomu yakapihwa chokwadi chekuti mari yevanhu haina kunyatso shandurwa? Imwe nzira yekubva ndiyo mhinduro, asi kufambira mberi uye kusimuka kweiyo renminbi kwave kunoshamisa.
Mr. Osborne sezviri pachena akasaina chibvumirano neMuvhuro neHong Kong yakanangana neGuta kuva nzvimbo yekutengeserana yekumahombekombe renminbi. Chancellor akabvumirana matanho ehunyanzvi naNorman Chan, maneja mukuru weHong Kong Monetary Authority, kubatsira London kuti iite basa rakakosha mukuwedzera chimiro che renminbi semari hombe yepasirese.
China yakapa kutsigira kwayo kuzvido zveLondon kuti ive yakakosha yekumahombekombe renminbi nzvimbo yekutengesa; Hong Kong ndiyo nzvimbo yepasi rose iri kumahombekombe emari yeChinese, inoshanda senzira yemusika wekunze muinland China. Hong Kong Monetary Authority munguva pfupi yapfuura yakazivisa kuti kwaive kuwedzera maawa ekushanda kweayo renminbi kubhadhara system nemaawa mashanu kuitira kuti kuitisa zvirinani kutengeserana kwekumahombekombe neLondon, ichitambanudza hwindo kuburikidza nemasangano emari muLondon anogona kugadzirisa kumahombekombe renminbi kubhadhara.
Yese Chinese yekushambadzira yakagadziriswa renminbi yakawedzera kubva pa0.7 muzana muhafu yekutanga yegore ra2010 kusvika painopfuura mapfumbamwe muzana muzana rekutanga ra9.Rinminbi mari muHong Kong yakawedzera kubva kuRmb2011bn munaNdira 64 kusvika kuRmb2010bn munaNovember 627. Bank yeChina yakati "inotsigira zvakasimba" London kuti ive inotevera yekumahombekombe renminbi nzvimbo yekutengesa, mushure meHong Kong.
Nekudaro, kunyangwe paine razzmatazz pane imwe nhunzi hombe mumafuta anokonzeresa, USA. Zuva iro renminbi rinowoneka pamataiti edu semari yemari inopesana nevazhinji vezera rayo ichave iri zuva padyo nemari iyo inova mari yekuchengetedza nyika. Oiri yakatemerwa renminbi? Sechidzidzo chipfupi chenhoroondo, chiri mundima dzekutanga dzinozivisa, nyika dzinoenda chero kureba kuti dzichengetedze kutengeserana uye yavo vanoonekwa chinzvimbo. Maitiro eUSA kumari yevanhu ikava mari yepasi rose ndiyo ichave muyedzo wekupedzisira wekunyengetedza kumira pasi kubva pahunhu hwavo.
ChinaHararerenminbi
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Rangarira Zita, Renminbi - Iyo Mari Yevanhu
Ndira 18 • Mashoko eMusika • 10225 Views • Comments Off pane Rangarira Zita, Renminbi - Iyo Mari Yevanhu
Ichitevera Hondo yePlassey muna 1757, umo Britain yakatora Bengal kuhumambo hwayo, yeBritish East India Kambani yakateedzera hutongi mukugadzirwa nekutumirwa kunze kwenyika kweIndia opiamu. Iyo monopoly yakatanga nemoyo wese muna 1773, weBritish Gavhuna-General weBangal akabvisa opium syndicate kuPatna. Kwemakore makumi mashanu anotevera opiyamu yekutengeserana ndiyo ichava kiyi yekubata kweEast India Kambani pane iyo subcontinent…
Kuunzwa kweopiyamu kuChina kwakarambidzwa nemutemo weChinese, iyo East India Kambani yakagadzira hurongwa hwekutengesa hwakawandisa nekutengesa misika isiri pamutemo. Vatengesi veBritain vasina kana opiamu vaitenga tii muCanton nechikwereti, uye vaizoenzanisa zvikwereti zvavo nekutengesa opiamu kukosheni kuCalcutta. Kubva ipapo, opiamu yaizosvika kumahombekombe eChina akavanzwa mungarava dzeBritish dzobva dzapinda muchivande kuChina nevatengesi vemo. Muna 1797 kambani iyi yakasimbisa kubata kwayo pamusoro peopiyamu kutengeserana nekumanikidza kutengeserana kwakananga pakati pevarimi veopiyamu nemaBritish vachipedzisa basa revaBangali vanotenga vamiririri.
Kutengeswa kweBritish kuopium kuChina kwakakura kubva pamatani gumi nemashanu muna 15 kusvika kumatani makumi manomwe muna 1730. Chigadzirwa chacho chakatumirwa mumabhokisi anopfuura zviuru zviviri, chimwe nechimwe chiine makirogiramu makumi matanhatu nemana eopium. Zvichakadaro, kutaurirana naQianlong Emperor kurerutsa kurambidzwa kwekutengeserana kunoitwa, kuchisvika muna 75 pasi paEarl George Macartney. Kukurukurirana kwakadaro hakuna kubudirira.
Iyo Opium Wars, inozivikanwa zvakare seAnglo-Chinese Hondo, yakakamurwa muFirst Opium War kubva muna 1839 kusvika muna 1842 uye yechipiri kubva muna 1856 kusvika muna 1860, ndiyo yaive mugumo wemakakatanwa pamusoro pehukama hwekutengeserana nekudyidzana pakati peChina pasi peKing Dynasty neBritish. Humambo. Mushure mekugadzwa kweCanton System muna 1756, yaitadzisa kutengeserana kune chimwe chiteshi uye isingatenderi kupinda kune dzimwe nyika kuChina, yeBritish East India Kambani yakatarisana nekusaenzana kwekutengeserana ichida China uye yakaisa mari yakawanda mukugadzirwa kweopiyamu kugadzirisa muyero.
Vatengesi veBritish neUnited States vakauya neopium kubva kumafekitori eBritish East India Company muPatna neBenares, muBengal Presidency yeBritish India, kumahombekombe eChina, uko kwavakanoitengesera vapambi vechiChinese vakagovera mushonga uyu vachipokana nemitemo yekuChina. Achiziva ese madhiri esirivha uye huwandu huri kukura hwevanopindwa muropa, Dao Guang Emperor akarayira kuti zviitwe.
Vakuru padare vakakurudzira kutemerwa kwekutengeserana kuitira kuti vabhadhare mutero vakakundwa neavo vaitsigira kudzvanyirira. Muna 1838, Changamire vakatumira Lin Zexu kuGuangzhou uko akakurumidza kusunga vatengesi veChina uye akakurudzira kuti mafemu ekunze apinze matura avo…
Guta raigona kuita nemari yekuwedzera iyo ndeyechokwadi. London, nzvimbo yepasirese yepasi rose yekutengeserana kwekuchinjana-kunze, kukwereta muganho kubhengi kukweretesa uye zviyero zvemitero, iri kusvinwa nezvose zvinokanganisa dambudziko reEuropean-chikwereti pakudiwa kwemabasa ayo uye vezvematongerwo enyika vanopomera varombo mari nekuunza iyo hupfumi hwenyika kusvika pamucheto wekudonha. Mabhangi ari kupindura iyo Basel Committee yeMabhangi Supervision mitemo yazvino nekubuda muzviitiko zvakakurisa mari senge yekutengesa kwekambani, ichiisa panjodzi bhizimusi hombe rekuUK rekuburitsa kunze uye 12 muzana yemitero yayo yemitero.
London's Mile Square iri kudzikira nekukurumidza kupfuura chero nzvimbo yemari pasi rose. Dzinge dzadzinga vashandi vakawanda kupfuura mune chero imwe nyika gore rapfuura, mabhanga eguta guru akatarisana nekuderera kwemari yekutengesa, kurwiswa kubva kune vezvematongerwo enyika kudzikisa mihoro uye kuderedzwa kwemabasa. Hurumende yeUK inoda kuti mabhanga apatsanure vatengi uye mabhanga ekudyara nepo vatungamiriri veEuropean Union vachimanikidza kubhadhara mutero mumwe nemumwe pakupera kwegore rino.
Saka ndepapi chaipo patiri maererano nekuona renminbi paired neiyo greenback pane edu ekutengesa mapuratifomu yakapihwa chokwadi chekuti mari yevanhu haina kunyatso shandurwa? Imwe nzira yekubva ndiyo mhinduro, asi kufambira mberi uye kusimuka kweiyo renminbi kwave kunoshamisa.
Mr. Osborne sezviri pachena akasaina chibvumirano neMuvhuro neHong Kong yakanangana neGuta kuva nzvimbo yekutengeserana yekumahombekombe renminbi. Chancellor akabvumirana matanho ehunyanzvi naNorman Chan, maneja mukuru weHong Kong Monetary Authority, kubatsira London kuti iite basa rakakosha mukuwedzera chimiro che renminbi semari hombe yepasirese.
China yakapa kutsigira kwayo kuzvido zveLondon kuti ive yakakosha yekumahombekombe renminbi nzvimbo yekutengesa; Hong Kong ndiyo nzvimbo yepasi rose iri kumahombekombe emari yeChinese, inoshanda senzira yemusika wekunze muinland China. Hong Kong Monetary Authority munguva pfupi yapfuura yakazivisa kuti kwaive kuwedzera maawa ekushanda kweayo renminbi kubhadhara system nemaawa mashanu kuitira kuti kuitisa zvirinani kutengeserana kwekumahombekombe neLondon, ichitambanudza hwindo kuburikidza nemasangano emari muLondon anogona kugadzirisa kumahombekombe renminbi kubhadhara.
Yese Chinese yekushambadzira yakagadziriswa renminbi yakawedzera kubva pa0.7 muzana muhafu yekutanga yegore ra2010 kusvika painopfuura mapfumbamwe muzana muzana rekutanga ra9.Rinminbi mari muHong Kong yakawedzera kubva kuRmb2011bn munaNdira 64 kusvika kuRmb2010bn munaNovember 627. Bank yeChina yakati "inotsigira zvakasimba" London kuti ive inotevera yekumahombekombe renminbi nzvimbo yekutengesa, mushure meHong Kong.
Nekudaro, kunyangwe paine razzmatazz pane imwe nhunzi hombe mumafuta anokonzeresa, USA. Zuva iro renminbi rinowoneka pamataiti edu semari yemari inopesana nevazhinji vezera rayo ichave iri zuva padyo nemari iyo inova mari yekuchengetedza nyika. Oiri yakatemerwa renminbi? Sechidzidzo chipfupi chenhoroondo, chiri mundima dzekutanga dzinozivisa, nyika dzinoenda chero kureba kuti dzichengetedze kutengeserana uye yavo vanoonekwa chinzvimbo. Maitiro eUSA kumari yevanhu ikava mari yepasi rose ndiyo ichave muyedzo wekupedzisira wekunyengetedza kumira pasi kubva pahunhu hwavo.
ChinaHararerenminbi
« US Mabhangi 'Revenue Kukura Muna 2011 May Angave Akave Anononoka Kupupurirwa Kubva Kushungurudzika Kukuru Uye Hazvigoneke Kuvandudza Muna 2012 Greece Ndiro Shoko Sezvo Mr Papademos Anotendeuka Iwo Matafura Mune Iwo Akakwirira Matanda Game »