I-B53 ingumnotho wase-USA
Inqubo yokuqaqa ibhomu le-B53 lokugcina esitokisini sase-USA iqale ngomhlaka 25 Okthoba 2011 yaphothulwa kungekudala ngemuva kwalokho. IMk / B-53 yayiyisikhali se-bunker buster thermonuclear esinezithelo eziphezulu esakhiwa yi-United States ngesikhathi seCold War. Ngomkhiqizo wama-megaton angu-9 we-TNT kwakuyisikhali esinamandla kunawo wonke ku-arsenal yase-US ngemuva kokuba amabhomu enuzi we-B41 asethathe umhlalaphansi ngo-1976. Ikhanda lempi le-B53 lasebenzisa i-uranium enothe kakhulu esikhundleni se-plutonium for fission, ne-lithium exutshwe -6 uphethiloli wokuxuba.
Kunezinhlobonhlobo ezimbili ezenziwe: i-B53-Y1, isikhali "esingcolile" sisebenzisa i-U-238 esekwe okwesibili, kanye nenguqulo ye-B53-Y2 "ehlanzekile" ene-non-fissile (lead or tungsten) secondary casing. Isivuno sokuqhuma sasicishe sibe ama-megatoni ayisishiyagalolunye. Ukuthuthukiswa kwesikhali kwaqala ngo-1955. UMk 53 wangena emkhakheni wezokukhiqiza ngo-1962 futhi wakhiwa ngoJuni 1965. Kwakhiwa amabhomu angaba ngu-340. Kusukela ngo-1968 yaqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi i-B53.
I-B53 yayihloselwe ukuthi ithathe umhlalaphansi ngeminyaka yama-1980, kepha amayunithi angama-50 ahlala esitokweni esisebenzayo kuze kufike ukuthunyelwa kweB61-11 ngonyaka we-1997. Ngaleso sikhathi ama-B53 ayengasasebenzi ayebekelwe ukuqaqa ngokushesha; kodwa-ke inqubo yokuqaqa lezi zingxenye yaphazanyiswa ukukhathazeka ngokuphepha kanye nokushoda kwezinsizakusebenza. Ngo-2010 kwagunyazwa ukuqaqa amabhomu angama-50…
Yigama elingenakuhlonishwa lelo kepha ukusho i- "stagflation" emibuthanweni engafanele kungadala isiphithiphithi. Ngenye yemiqondo esabisa kakhulu abenzi bezinqubomgomo zezomnotho okufanele babhekane nayo, i-stagflation ichazwa ngokwesimo njengesimo sokukhula kancane komnotho kanye nokuntuleka kwemisebenzi okuphezulu kakhulu - isikhathi sokuma - okuhambisana nokukhuphuka kwamanani, noma ukwehla kwamandla emali. Ngamagama alula i-stagflation yenzeka lapho umnotho ungakhuli kepha amanani entengo. Lokhu kwenzeka ngezinga elikhulu ngeminyaka yawo-1970, lapho amanani entengo kawoyela emhlabeni enyuka kakhulu, okwenza isimo sokwehla kwamandla emali sibukhali emazweni athuthukile. Kula mazwe, kufaka phakathi ukumiswa kweMelika kukhuphule imiphumela yokwenyuka kwamandla emali. Abenzi benqubomgomo yezomnotho bakhathazekile ngokukhula, e-UK ukukhula kungu-1%, ukwehla kwamandla emali kungu-5.5%, akudingi ukuthi kube nezinga elithile lezomnotho elivela ku-LSE ukwazi ukuthi njengesibonelo sezomnotho esingasimeme.
Ezomnotho ngo-2008 owawina iNobel Prize uPaul Krugman ngoNovemba 2010 wathi iMelika yayihamba ngendlela yokuma nokwehla kwamandla emali okufana nokwaseJapan eminyakeni eyishumi nesishiyagalombili eyedlule kunikezwe isimo somnotho esibucayi nesimo esingaqinisekile sezepolitiki e-USA. UKrugman uthe inqubomgomo yemali esetshenzisiwe e-United States nase-European Union ikhombisa imikhawulo yayo, iFederal Reserve ne-European Central Bank zehlise inzalo zaze zaphela kodwa ziyehluleka ukuvuselela umnotho wazo futhi "zinobunzima obukhulu ukuthola isixazululo ”.
UKrugman uthi okuwukuphela kwendlela yokugwema ukubambeka kwaba wukusetshenziswa kwemali kwingqalasizinda, enenzalo ephansi, engadala izigidi zemisebenzi kubantu abangasebenzi, kodwa wavuma ukuthi iWashington iyenqaba "ukubhekana nezindleko zomphakathi ezinje". Ubalule njengesibonelo salokhu kugcina kukhanselwe ingqalasizinda enkulu yemisebenzi yomphakathi e-US, ukwakhiwa komhubhe wesitimela ngaphansi koMfula i-Hudson eNew York.
Lokhu kwehla kwezomnotho, lokhu kucindezeleka kungaqhubeka isikhathi eside… Kuyinkinga yaseNyakatho ye-Atlantic, e-United States naseNtshonalanga Yurophu.
Abahlaziyi abaningi nabahlaziyi bezimakethe baphakamisa ukuthi ngesikhathi senhlekelele yango-2008 'okungcono kakhulu' ebesingakuthemba ngokwemigomo noma ukululama kwakuwuchungechunge lwesitayela saseJapan esalahleka amashumi eminyaka. Lapho i-USA isibeka inkambo yayo ngokuqinile ku-zirp (zero rate rate policy) ukuqhathanisa neJapan kubukeka kufaneleke kakhulu. Osomnotho abaningi baxwayisa ngesikhathi sika-2008-2010 ukuthi ifomula yezomnotho yeQE + zirp = stagflation = yehluleka. Ngenkathi iJapan yamukela inqubomgomo yayo esondelene ne-zirp ngawo-1980 amashumi eminyaka ayo elahlekile ayebhakwa ngokuqiniseka, izifundo ezinganakwa yi-USA nabenzi benqubomgomo ye-EU.
Isilinganiso sempilo yezomnotho esivame ukusetshenziswa njengegeji yizintengo zezindlu, kunganakwa ukubola kwamanje e-USA, inyanga ngayinye kwakuwukunyakaza okuncane okubolekwe imali noma kwentengo yendlu kuhlolisiswe kakhulu, isimo sesibe sibi kangangoba uhulumeni. kuzosebenza isikhathi eside ukugcina abantu emakhaya abo anezikweleti ezeqile kunokuvumela ababolekisi ukuthi babuyisele noma yikuphi ukulahlekelwa kwempahla okucindezelekile 'ezincwadini zabo' eziphekiwe. Badinga imali ebanjiswayo ukuze bahlale bematasa ezikweletini zabo uma kuzofakwa i-QE ethe xaxa ngasekupheleni konyaka, noma ekuqaleni kuka-2012. Lapho amanani ezindlu ewa eJapan ngawo-1980 kwathatha kwaze kwaba ngu-2007 ukuthi amanani abuye futhi anyuke. Lapho ukuncipha kwemali kwehla emhlabeni ngo-2008 amanani abuyela emuva futhi. Ngokufingqa impahla ethi 'hit' yathathwa esiqongweni sayo yaya emgodini yahlala cishe iminyaka engamashumi amabili, kanti esimweni sezulu samanje ithemba lokuthi amanani ezindlu zaseJapan ngeke enyuke esikhathini esifushane, mhlawumbe esinye ishumi leminyaka elahlekile, isikhathi sokuma / sokuma kwamashumi amathathu . Njengenothi eliyisixwayiso isikweletu saseJapan, uma sibheka i-GDP yaso, njengamanje cishe siyi-197%
Lapho ucubungula wedwa izizumbulu zezimali i-USA eyondliwe kanye nezokuphatha zakha kusukela ngo-2008 maqondana namabheyili (okufihliwe nokwashicilelwa) kanye nokwehlisa inani kodwa nokho izinga lokusweleka kwemisebenzi lihlala cishe ngo-9.1% uqala ukubona ukuthi umuthi ayisebenzi, ngenkathi ihlola izimpawu ukuthi ayithinti imbangela yezinkinga. Ukuthi umphathi wase-US ucubungula i-QE3 kuwubufakazi, uma bukhona obudingekayo, ukuthi i-USA iphelelwe yizinhlamvu ngakho-ke kufanele 'yenze' okuningi.
Kunezibalo ezithile zokuphelelwa yithemba ezitholakalayo ezichaza ukugula komnotho wase-USA; ubumpofu, izinga lokudliwa komhlaba, izinombolo zebhizinisi ezingaphumelelanga, isikweletu sabafundi esingu- $ 1trillion + ukubala abambalwa, kepha ngesitayela esihle kakhulu saseHollywood izingqinamba zangempela zihlala zigqitshwa kuvuna isakhiwo seqhawe i-US mass psyche ibonakala ihlanganisiwe ku-Obama lelo qhawe alilahlekanga futhi ngenkathi ukugxila emakethe kusenkingeni enkulu yezikweletu zaseYurophu indlovu yomhlaba ekamelweni iyaqhubeka nokubalekela ukubhekwa. Kodwa-ke, ukugxila kungabuyela emuva e-US uma isihloko sophahla wesikweletu sivusa ikhanda laso futhi.
Ukukhetha umnotho wase-USA, ukuze ube nokuncintisana ngokubhekela iminotho ye-BRICS, kuzoba nzima kakhulu. Umnotho wase-USA uncike ku-70% ekusebenziseni abathengi, ubambe amaholo emhlabeni jikelele ezweni elingathuthukile, ukuze umnotho othuthukile ukwazi ukuchuma, ungabe usaba yisisekelo semodeli yezomnotho esimeme. Isikweletu sase-USA cishe singama-99% eGDP, ngo-2009 sasingu-83% se-GDP, ama-ejensi amabili okulinganisa izikweletu anezwe elinombono ongemuhle. Uma ubheka isifinyezo sokuthi yayikuphi i-USA ngo-2009 kuqhathaniswa no-2011 kwembula ezinye izitayela ezishaqisayo nezikhathazayo.
2009
Kusukela ngoJanuwari 20, 2009, isikweletu esiphelele sase-US sasingu- $ 10.627 trillion. Isikweleti semali ebolekayo sango-2005 simi ku- $ 8.18 trillion. Ngo-Mashi 2006, iCongress yaphakamisa lokho kufakwa kwe- $ 0.79 trillion eyengeziwe kuya ku- $ 8.97 trillion, okucishe kube ngu-68% we-GDP. ICongress isebenzise le ndlela ukubhekana nokushona kwesikweletu eminyakeni eyedlule, njengoba umkhawulo wokubolekwa kombuso wakhushulwa ngo-2002 nango-2003. Ukusukela ngo-Okthoba 4, 2008, "Umthetho Wokuqiniswa Kwezomnotho Ophuthumayo ka-2008" wakhuphula isikweletu esikhona njengamanje US $ 11.3 trillion. Isikweletu sikahulumeni wesifundazwe sakhuphuka cishe ngama- $ 1.4 trillion ngo-2009, futhi manje simi ku- $ 12.1 trillion. Ngenkathi isikweletu somphakathi sase-US sikhulu ngobukhulu ngokuphelele emhlabeni, esinye isilinganiso ubukhulu baso uma kuqhathaniswa ne-GDP yesizwe. Kusukela ngo-2009 isikweletu besingamaphesenti angama-83 e-GDP. Lesi sikweletu, njengephesenti le-GDP, sisengaphansi kwesikweletu saseJapan (i-192%) futhi sicishe silingane nezizwe ezimbalwa ezisentshonalanga yeYurophu.
2011
Isikweletu somphakathi sikhuphuke ngaphezulu kwama- $ 500 billion unyaka ngamunye kusukela ngo-2003, ngokunyuka kwe- $ 1 trillion ku-FY2008, $ 1.9 trillion ku-FY2009, naku- $ 1.7 trillion ku-FY2010. Kusukela ngo-Okthoba 22, 2011, isikweletu esikhulu kwakungu- $ 14.94 trillion. Umkhiqizo wonyaka ophelele wonyaka (GDP) kuze kube sekupheleni kukaJuni 2011 wawungu- $ 15.003 trillion (ukulinganiselwa kukaJulayi 29, 2011), nesikweletu somphakathi esiphelele esilinganiswe ngama-99.6% we-GDP, kanye nezikweletu ezigcinwe ngumphakathi ku-68% we-GDP . Isikweletu sikhuphuke saya ku- € 16.4 trillion ngo-Agasti 2, 2011. I-USA isishise cishe ngo-approx. Isamba esingu- $ 650 billion sesikweletu sayo sikhuphuka phakathi kwamasonto ayishumi nanye, kuleyo trajectory (kungabhekwana nomthelela wokwehliswa kwesabelomali) imali eyengeziwe engu- $ 2.1 trillion izokhishwa ngoMashi 2012. Bekungacabangi ukuthi iCongress bekufanele ixoxe ngokukhulisa uphahla lwesikweletu selushisile nge- $ 2.1 trillion ngaphakathi kwezinyanga eziyisishiyagalombili kepha lokho kuyiqiniso.
I-USA inyuse isikweletu sayo ngo-40.5% kusukela ngo-2009 ngalesi sikhathi isikweletu sayo uma kuqhathaniswa nesibalo se-GDP sithandane nesibalo esingu-100%. Imodeli yayo yezomnotho yi-B 53; ingasasebenzi, iyingozi, isongela ngamabomu ngokusebenzisa i-hegemony futhi ifihlwe ngokucophelela amashumi eminyaka. Njenge-B53 amandla okuyinhlekelele okufanele ayonakalise umnotho womhlaba kuze kube yilapho ekugcineni ikhishwe amandla ingaphezu kokuqonda.
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