UJan 18 • Amazwana eMakethe • Ukubukwa okungu-10194 • Amazwana Off ku Khumbula Igama, Renminbi - Imali Yabantu
Ukulandela iMpi yasePlassey ngo-1757, lapho iBrithani yanamathisela iBengal embusweni wayo, iBritish East India Company yangenela ekubuseni nasekukhiqizeni i-opium yaseNdiya. Umbuso wokuqala waqala ngobuqotho ngo-1773, uMbusi-Jikelele waseBrithani waseBangal waqeda inhlangano ye-opium ePatna. Eminyakeni engamashumi amahlanu ezayo ukuhweba nge-opiamu kuzoba ngukhiye ekubambeni kweNkampani ye-East India ezwekazini lase…
Ukungeniswa kwe-opium eChina kwavinjelwa ngumthetho waseChina, i-East India Company yasungula uhlelo lokuhweba olunabile ngokusebenzisa izimakethe ezingekho emthethweni. Abathengisi baseBrithani ababengenayo i-opium babezothenga itiye eCanton ngesikweletu, futhi babezolinganisa izikweletu zabo ngokuthengisa i-opium endalini eCalcutta. Ukusuka lapho, i-opium yayizofinyelela ogwini lwaseChina olufihlwe emikhunjini yaseBrithani bese ishushumbiselwa eChina ngabathengisi bomdabu. Ngo-1797 inkampani yaqinisa isandla sayo ekuhwebeni nge-opium ngokuphoqelela ukuhweba okuqondile phakathi kwabalimi be-opium nabaseBrithani beqeda indima yabathengi bokuthenga beBangali.
Ukuthunyelwa kweBrithani i-opium eChina kwanda kusuka kumathani ayi-15 ngo-1730 kuya kumathani angama-75 ngo-1773. Umkhiqizo wathunyelwa ezifubeni ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili, ngasinye sinamakhilogremu ayi-140 e-opium. Khonamanjalo, izingxoxo noMbusi waseQianlong zokunciphisa ukuvinjelwa kokuhweba okwenziwayo, zafika ezingeni eliphezulu ngo-64 ngaphansi kuka-Earl George Macartney. Izingxoxo ezinjalo aziphumelelanga.
I-Opium Wars, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Anglo-Chinese Wars, eyahlukaniswa yaba yi-First Opium War kusuka ngo-1839 kuya ku-1842 kwathi eyesibili kusukela ngo-1856 kuya ku-1860, kwaba umvuthwandaba wezingxabano ngobudlelwano bezohwebo nobezombusazwe phakathi kweChina ngaphansi kobuKhosi baseQing naseBrithani Umbuso. Ngemuva kokuvulwa kohlelo lweCanton ngo-1756, olwalukhawulela ukuhweba echwebeni elilodwa futhi lungavumeli ukungena kwamanye amazwe eChina, iBritish East India Company yabhekana nokungalingani kwezohwebo ivuna iChina futhi yatshala imali eningi ekukhiqizeni i-opium ukulungisa ibhalansi.
Abathengisi baseBrithani nabaseMelika baletha i-opium emafektri eBritish East India Company ePatna naseBenares, eBengal Presidency yaseBritish India, ogwini lwaseChina, lapho bayithengisela khona abashushumbisi baseChina abasabalalisa lesi sidakamizwa ngokungahambisani nemithetho yaseChina. Ekwazi ukukhishwa kwesiliva kanye nenani elikhulayo lemilutha, iDao Guang Emperor yafuna kwenziwe okuthile.
Izikhulu zasenkantolo ezazikhuthaza ukwenziwa ngokusemthethweni kwezohwebo ukuze zikukhokhele intela zehlulwa yilabo ababekhuthaza ukucindezelwa. Ngo-1838, uMbusi wathumela uLin Zexu eGuangzhou lapho asheshe wabopha abathengisi be-opium baseChina futhi wafuna ngenkani ukuthi amafemu angaphandle avule amasheya awo…
Idolobha lingenza ngemali ethe xaxa engenayo eqinisekile. ILondon, isikhungo esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni sokuhwebelana ngamazwe angaphandle, ukubolekwa kwamabhange anqamula emingceleni kanye nezilinganiso zamanani enzalo, icindezelwa yikho kokubili umthelela wenkinga yezikweletu ezinkulu zaseYurophu ekufunweni kwezinsizakalo zayo nosopolitiki abasola abezimali ngokuletha umnotho womhlaba useqophelweni lokuwa. Amabhange aphendula iKomidi leBasel mayelana nemithetho yakamuva ye-Banking Supervision ngokuphuma emisebenzini ebiza imali eningi njengokuhweba ngezimpahla, okubeka engcupheni imboni enkulu kakhulu yase-UK ethumela kwamanye amazwe namaphesenti ayi-12 amarisidi ayo wentela.
I-Square Mile yaseLondon incipha ngokushesha kunanoma yisiphi isikhungo sezezimali emhlabeni. Njengoba bexoshe abasebenzi abaningi ukwedlula noma yiliphi elinye izwe ngonyaka odlule, amabhange enhlokodolobha abhekene nokwehla kwemali engenayo yokuhweba, ukuhlaselwa kosopolitiki ukunciphisa amaholo nokuncishiswa kwemisebenzi okuningi. Uhulumeni wase-UK ufuna amabhange ahlukanise amakhasimende abo kanye namabhange abo otshalo-mali ngenkathi abaholi be-European Union befuna ukukhokhisa intela ngabathile ngasekupheleni konyaka.
Ngakho-ke sikuphi ngqo maqondana nokubona i-renminbi ihambisana ne-greenback kuzingxenyekazi zethu zokuhweba ezinikezwe iqiniso lokuthi imali yabantu ayiguquki ngokuphelele? Ukude kude kuyimpendulo, kepha inqubekela phambili nokukhuphuka kwe-renminbi kuye kwamangaza.
UMnu Osborne kusobala ukuthi usayine isivumelwano ngoMsombuluko neHong Kong okuhloswe ngayo ukuthi iDolobha libe yisikhungo sokuhweba sogu lolwandle se-renminbi. Ushansela uvumelane ngezindlela zobuchwepheshe noNorman Chan, isikhulu esiphezulu seHong Kong Monetary Authority, ukusiza iLondon ibambe iqhaza elibalulekile ekwandiseni ukuma kwe-renminbi njengemali enkulu yomhlaba.
I-China inikeze ukusekela kwayo ezifisweni zaseLondon zokuba isikhungo esibalulekile sokuhweba sasolwandle; IHong Kong iyisikhungo esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni semali yaseChina, esebenza njengesango lemakethe yasogwini ezweni lase China. I-Hong Kong Monetary Authority isanda kumemezela ukuthi izokwengeza amahora wokusebenza kohlelo lwayo lokukhokha kabusha i-renminbi ngamahora amahlanu ukuze kube lula ukuhwebelana nolwandle neLondon, kuvuleke iwindi lapho izikhungo zezezimali eLondon zingakhokha khona izinkokhelo ze-renminbi ezingasolwandle.
Ingqikithi yokuhweba kwamaShayina ahlelwe kabusha e-renminbi ikhuphukile isuka ku-0.7 wamaphesenti engxenyeni yokuqala ka-2010 yaya ngaphezu kwamaphesenti ayi-9 engxenyeni yokuqala yonyaka ka-2011. Imali ebekwa eRenminbi eHong Kong inyukile isuka ku-Rmb64bn ngoJanuwari 2010 yaya ku-Rmb627bn ngoNovemba 2011. Ibhange waseChina uthe "isekela ngokuqinile" iLondon ukuthi ibe yisikhungo esilandelayo sokuhweba sogu lolwandle, ngemuva kweHong Kong.
Kodwa-ke, yize kukhona i-razzmatazz kunempukane eyodwa enkulu emafutheni abangelayo, e-USA. Usuku okuzovela ngalo i-renminbi kumashadi ethu njengebhangqa lemali uma kuqhathaniswa nontanga yalo luyoba usuku olusondele kakhulu kunhlobo lwemali oluzoba yimali yokugcina umhlaba. Uwoyela onamanani entengo kabusha? Njengoba isifundo somlando esifushane, esivezwe ezigabeni ezimbalwa zokuqala siveza, amazwe azokwenza noma yini ukuze alondoloze ukuhweba kanye nesimo sawo esibonwayo. Ukusabela kwe-USA emalini yabantu eba yimali yomhlaba kuzoba yisivivinyo sokugcina sokwehla ebukhosini babo.
chinalondoni-renminbi
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Khumbula Igama, I-Renminbi - Imali Yabantu
UJan 18 • Amazwana eMakethe • Ukubukwa okungu-10194 • Amazwana Off ku Khumbula Igama, Renminbi - Imali Yabantu
Ukulandela iMpi yasePlassey ngo-1757, lapho iBrithani yanamathisela iBengal embusweni wayo, iBritish East India Company yangenela ekubuseni nasekukhiqizeni i-opium yaseNdiya. Umbuso wokuqala waqala ngobuqotho ngo-1773, uMbusi-Jikelele waseBrithani waseBangal waqeda inhlangano ye-opium ePatna. Eminyakeni engamashumi amahlanu ezayo ukuhweba nge-opiamu kuzoba ngukhiye ekubambeni kweNkampani ye-East India ezwekazini lase…
Ukungeniswa kwe-opium eChina kwavinjelwa ngumthetho waseChina, i-East India Company yasungula uhlelo lokuhweba olunabile ngokusebenzisa izimakethe ezingekho emthethweni. Abathengisi baseBrithani ababengenayo i-opium babezothenga itiye eCanton ngesikweletu, futhi babezolinganisa izikweletu zabo ngokuthengisa i-opium endalini eCalcutta. Ukusuka lapho, i-opium yayizofinyelela ogwini lwaseChina olufihlwe emikhunjini yaseBrithani bese ishushumbiselwa eChina ngabathengisi bomdabu. Ngo-1797 inkampani yaqinisa isandla sayo ekuhwebeni nge-opium ngokuphoqelela ukuhweba okuqondile phakathi kwabalimi be-opium nabaseBrithani beqeda indima yabathengi bokuthenga beBangali.
Ukuthunyelwa kweBrithani i-opium eChina kwanda kusuka kumathani ayi-15 ngo-1730 kuya kumathani angama-75 ngo-1773. Umkhiqizo wathunyelwa ezifubeni ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili, ngasinye sinamakhilogremu ayi-140 e-opium. Khonamanjalo, izingxoxo noMbusi waseQianlong zokunciphisa ukuvinjelwa kokuhweba okwenziwayo, zafika ezingeni eliphezulu ngo-64 ngaphansi kuka-Earl George Macartney. Izingxoxo ezinjalo aziphumelelanga.
I-Opium Wars, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Anglo-Chinese Wars, eyahlukaniswa yaba yi-First Opium War kusuka ngo-1839 kuya ku-1842 kwathi eyesibili kusukela ngo-1856 kuya ku-1860, kwaba umvuthwandaba wezingxabano ngobudlelwano bezohwebo nobezombusazwe phakathi kweChina ngaphansi kobuKhosi baseQing naseBrithani Umbuso. Ngemuva kokuvulwa kohlelo lweCanton ngo-1756, olwalukhawulela ukuhweba echwebeni elilodwa futhi lungavumeli ukungena kwamanye amazwe eChina, iBritish East India Company yabhekana nokungalingani kwezohwebo ivuna iChina futhi yatshala imali eningi ekukhiqizeni i-opium ukulungisa ibhalansi.
Abathengisi baseBrithani nabaseMelika baletha i-opium emafektri eBritish East India Company ePatna naseBenares, eBengal Presidency yaseBritish India, ogwini lwaseChina, lapho bayithengisela khona abashushumbisi baseChina abasabalalisa lesi sidakamizwa ngokungahambisani nemithetho yaseChina. Ekwazi ukukhishwa kwesiliva kanye nenani elikhulayo lemilutha, iDao Guang Emperor yafuna kwenziwe okuthile.
Izikhulu zasenkantolo ezazikhuthaza ukwenziwa ngokusemthethweni kwezohwebo ukuze zikukhokhele intela zehlulwa yilabo ababekhuthaza ukucindezelwa. Ngo-1838, uMbusi wathumela uLin Zexu eGuangzhou lapho asheshe wabopha abathengisi be-opium baseChina futhi wafuna ngenkani ukuthi amafemu angaphandle avule amasheya awo…
Idolobha lingenza ngemali ethe xaxa engenayo eqinisekile. ILondon, isikhungo esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni sokuhwebelana ngamazwe angaphandle, ukubolekwa kwamabhange anqamula emingceleni kanye nezilinganiso zamanani enzalo, icindezelwa yikho kokubili umthelela wenkinga yezikweletu ezinkulu zaseYurophu ekufunweni kwezinsizakalo zayo nosopolitiki abasola abezimali ngokuletha umnotho womhlaba useqophelweni lokuwa. Amabhange aphendula iKomidi leBasel mayelana nemithetho yakamuva ye-Banking Supervision ngokuphuma emisebenzini ebiza imali eningi njengokuhweba ngezimpahla, okubeka engcupheni imboni enkulu kakhulu yase-UK ethumela kwamanye amazwe namaphesenti ayi-12 amarisidi ayo wentela.
I-Square Mile yaseLondon incipha ngokushesha kunanoma yisiphi isikhungo sezezimali emhlabeni. Njengoba bexoshe abasebenzi abaningi ukwedlula noma yiliphi elinye izwe ngonyaka odlule, amabhange enhlokodolobha abhekene nokwehla kwemali engenayo yokuhweba, ukuhlaselwa kosopolitiki ukunciphisa amaholo nokuncishiswa kwemisebenzi okuningi. Uhulumeni wase-UK ufuna amabhange ahlukanise amakhasimende abo kanye namabhange abo otshalo-mali ngenkathi abaholi be-European Union befuna ukukhokhisa intela ngabathile ngasekupheleni konyaka.
Ngakho-ke sikuphi ngqo maqondana nokubona i-renminbi ihambisana ne-greenback kuzingxenyekazi zethu zokuhweba ezinikezwe iqiniso lokuthi imali yabantu ayiguquki ngokuphelele? Ukude kude kuyimpendulo, kepha inqubekela phambili nokukhuphuka kwe-renminbi kuye kwamangaza.
UMnu Osborne kusobala ukuthi usayine isivumelwano ngoMsombuluko neHong Kong okuhloswe ngayo ukuthi iDolobha libe yisikhungo sokuhweba sogu lolwandle se-renminbi. Ushansela uvumelane ngezindlela zobuchwepheshe noNorman Chan, isikhulu esiphezulu seHong Kong Monetary Authority, ukusiza iLondon ibambe iqhaza elibalulekile ekwandiseni ukuma kwe-renminbi njengemali enkulu yomhlaba.
I-China inikeze ukusekela kwayo ezifisweni zaseLondon zokuba isikhungo esibalulekile sokuhweba sasolwandle; IHong Kong iyisikhungo esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni semali yaseChina, esebenza njengesango lemakethe yasogwini ezweni lase China. I-Hong Kong Monetary Authority isanda kumemezela ukuthi izokwengeza amahora wokusebenza kohlelo lwayo lokukhokha kabusha i-renminbi ngamahora amahlanu ukuze kube lula ukuhwebelana nolwandle neLondon, kuvuleke iwindi lapho izikhungo zezezimali eLondon zingakhokha khona izinkokhelo ze-renminbi ezingasolwandle.
Ingqikithi yokuhweba kwamaShayina ahlelwe kabusha e-renminbi ikhuphukile isuka ku-0.7 wamaphesenti engxenyeni yokuqala ka-2010 yaya ngaphezu kwamaphesenti ayi-9 engxenyeni yokuqala yonyaka ka-2011. Imali ebekwa eRenminbi eHong Kong inyukile isuka ku-Rmb64bn ngoJanuwari 2010 yaya ku-Rmb627bn ngoNovemba 2011. Ibhange waseChina uthe "isekela ngokuqinile" iLondon ukuthi ibe yisikhungo esilandelayo sokuhweba sogu lolwandle, ngemuva kweHong Kong.
Kodwa-ke, yize kukhona i-razzmatazz kunempukane eyodwa enkulu emafutheni abangelayo, e-USA. Usuku okuzovela ngalo i-renminbi kumashadi ethu njengebhangqa lemali uma kuqhathaniswa nontanga yalo luyoba usuku olusondele kakhulu kunhlobo lwemali oluzoba yimali yokugcina umhlaba. Uwoyela onamanani entengo kabusha? Njengoba isifundo somlando esifushane, esivezwe ezigabeni ezimbalwa zokuqala siveza, amazwe azokwenza noma yini ukuze alondoloze ukuhweba kanye nesimo sawo esibonwayo. Ukusabela kwe-USA emalini yabantu eba yimali yomhlaba kuzoba yisivivinyo sokugcina sokwehla ebukhosini babo.
chinalondoni-renminbi
« Ukukhula Kwezimali Ezingenayo Amabhange E-US Ku-2011 Kungenzeka Kuye Kwabekwa Kancane Kakhulu Kusukela Ukucindezeleka Okukhulu Futhi Kungenakwenzeka Ukuthuthukisa Ku-2012 IGrisi LiyiZwi Njengoba UMnu Papademos Eguqula Amatafula Emdlalweni Wezigxobo Eziphezulu »