UJan 13 • Amazwana eMakethe • Ukubukwa okungu-7451 • Amazwana Off ku Ngabe iChina Iqala Ukuphefumula Kwayo Okukhulu Kusuka E-USA Dollars?
Empeleni kuyinsumansumane yasemadolobheni ukuthi udonga olukhulu lwaseChina “lubonakala kusukela enyangeni” noma lubonakala kusuka emzileni wokuzungeza ngamehlo ngaphandle uma samukela ukuthi ukusebenzisa umhlaba weGoogle kufana ncamashi. Isimangalo sokuthi i-Great Wall iyabonakala sikhishwe kaningi kepha sisalokhu sigxilile esikweni elidumile.
Udonga lungamamitha ayi-9.1 ububanzi (30 ft) ububanzi, futhi lumboze umbala ofanayo nenhlabathi ezungezile. Ngokuya ngokukhanya kokuxazulula amandla (ibanga eliqhathaniswa nobubanzi be-iris: amamilimitha ambalwa esweni lomuntu, amamitha wezibonakude ezinkulu) kuphela into eqhathaniswa ngokunengqondo nendawo ezungezile eyi-70 mi (110 km) noma ngaphezulu ububanzi izobonakala ngamehlo enyanga, okuyibanga elilinganiselwe ukusuka eMhlabeni elingama-384,393 km.
Ububanzi obubonakalayo boDonga Olukhulu obuvela enyangeni buyafana noboboya bomuntu obubhekwa buqamama ngamakhilomitha amabili (2 km). Ukubona udonga olusuka enyangeni kungadinga ukulungiswa kwendawo izikhathi eziphindwe ka-3.2 kangcono kunombono ojwayelekile (17,000/20). Akumangazi ukuthi ayikho i-astronaut yenyanga eyake yathi yabona iGreat Wall ivela enyangeni.
Umbuzo onempikiswano eyengeziwe ngukuthi ngabe udonga luyabonakala kusuka ekuzungezeni komhlaba okuphansi, ukuphakama okungamakhilomitha afinyelela kwangu-100. I-NASA ithi ayibonakali kangako, futhi kuphela ngaphansi kwezimo ezicishe ziphelele; ayigqamile kunezinto eziningi ezenziwe umuntu. Abanye ababhali baphikise ukuthi ngenxa yemikhawulo yokukhanya kwamehlo nokuhlukaniswa kwama-photoreceptors ku-retina, akunakwenzeka ukubona udonga ngamehlo, ngisho nasezindleleni eziphansi, futhi kungadinga ukubonwa okuhle kuka-160/20 ( Izikhathi eziyi-3 ezingcono kunokujwayelekile).
Ngo-2001, uNeil Armstrong wathi ngombono ovela ku-Apollo 11:
Angikholwa ukuthi, okungenani ngamehlo ami, kuzoba khona into eyenziwe ngumuntu engingayibona. Angikakamtholi umuntu ongitshele ukuthi babone iWall of China isuka eMhlabeni orbit. Ngicele abantu abahlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi abafana be-Shuttle, ukuthi kube yimizila eminingi ezungeze i-China emini, futhi labo engikhulume nabo abayibonanga.
Ngo-Okthoba 2003, usomkhathi waseChina uYang Liwei wathi wayengakwazanga ukubona uGreat Wall waseChina. Ngokuphendula, i-European Space Agency (i-ESA) ikhiphe umbiko okhishwe ngabezindaba ukuthi ukusuka emzileni ophakathi kuka-160 no-320 km, iGreat Wall ibonakala ngeso lenyama. Ngomzamo wokuqhubeka nokucacisa izinto, i-ESA ishicilele isithombe sengxenye "yoDonga Olukhulu" esithwetshulwe kwi-Space. Kodwa-ke, ekukhishweni kwabezindaba ngemuva kwesonto (engasatholakali kuwebhusayithi ye-ESA), bavumile ukuthi “udonga olukhulu” olusesithombeni empeleni lwalungumfula…
Umlando uphakamisa ukuthi imvelaphi yokuqala yodonga olukhulu ingalandelwa emuva kakhulu ngekhulu lesihlanu noma lesishiyagalombili leminyaka BC Kwakungaphakathi kobukhosi bakwaMing lapho udonga njengoba sesize salubona njengesehlakalo siqala ukwakhiwa .. isiko lesineke eChina, kepha ngokuphelele ukuzimisela kunhloso nezifundo lapho sekusethiwe.
Izinqolobane ezisemthethweni zaseChina zehle zaya ku- $ 3.18 trillion kwikota yokugcina ka-2011. IPeople's Bank yaseChina ishicilele imininingwane ngoLwesihlanu ekhombisa ukuthi u- $ 20.6 billion, noma u-0.6 wamaphesenti, uwela ezinqolobaneni ezinyangeni ezintathu zokugcina zonyaka, yize uquqaba lwaseBeijing lwengcebo yakwamanye amazwe iseyindawo enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Izinqolobane zehlile ngoNovemba nangoDisemba, ukuwa kokuqala okulandelanayo kwanyanga zonke kusukela ngekota yokuqala yonyaka ka-2009, mhlawumbe uphawu lokuthinteka kwemali esile yezohwebo kanye nokukhishwa kwemali yokuqagela okuba nayo ekuphethweni kwemali eyinhloko yaseChina.
Ukwehla kwezinqolobane zaseChina kungaqala ukujabulisa abanye abagxeki abathi bangumkhiqizo womnotho othembele kwi-yuan engabizi kakhulu ekukhuleni okuqhutshwa ngaphandle. Isibikezelo semaphakathi sabacwaningi bezomnotho sasiwukuthi izinqolobane zokugcina imali zaseChina zizohlala ziqinile ekupheleni kukaDisemba kusukela ekupheleni kwekota yesithathu.
Izinqolobane zaseChina yizona ezinkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, ikakhulu ngenxa yokuvalwa kwamabhange amaphakathi kokungena kwedola ku-akhawunti yezwe evaliwe. Kepha abanye abahlaziyi baqaphele ukuthi ukusetshenziswa okwandayo kwe-yuan ezindaweni ezihwebelana kuzosiza futhi ekwehliseni ikusasa leChina lokwakheka kwemali yakwamanye amazwe.
Kwikota yesithathu yonyaka ka-2011, imali ebekelwe imali yakwamanye amazwe inyuke ngama- $ 4.2 billion nje yaya kwirekhodi lama- $ 3.2 trillion. Ijubane lalihamba kancane kunokukhuphuka kwe- $ 152.8 billion kwikota yesibili. ($ 1 = 6.3178 yuan yamaShayina)
Futhi ngenkathi ukuwa kwamakota kungakhombisi izindiza ezinkulu ezivela eChina, abahlaziyi bathi kuyaphikisana neBeijing ukuthi yehlise inani lemali elenza amabhange aligcine njengezinqolobane ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izimakethe zisebenza kahle.
Ohulumeni bamazwe aphethe cishe amaphesenti angama-46 azo zonke izikweletu zaseMelika eziphethwe ngumphakathi, ngaphezulu kwama- $ 4.5 trillion. Isiphathimandla esikhulu kunazo zonke esinezikweletu zase-US yiChina, engumnikazi ongaphezulu cishe kuka- $ 1.2 trillion kwizikweletu, amanothi namabhondi, ngokusho koMnyango Wezezimali.
Izibalo ezitholakala ngo-2010 zikhombisa ukuthi iChina inamaphesenti angaba ngu-8 esikweletu sase-US esidlangalaleni. Kubo bonke abaphethe isikweletu saseMelika iChina ingeyesithathu ngobukhulu, ngemuva kuphela kweSocial Security Trust Fund ephethe cishe ama- $ 3 trillion kanye neFederal Reserve ecishe ibe ngu- $ 2 trillion ekubanjweni kwezimali zikaMgcinimafa, okuthengwe njengengxenye yohlelo lwayo lokunciphisa amandla ukukhulisa umnotho .
Ukubeka ubunikazi beChina ngesikweletu sase-US ngendlela efanele, ukubamba kwayo ama- $ 1.2 trillion kukhulu kakhulu kunenani lemizi yaseMelika. Izakhamizi zase-US ziphethe cishe ama- $ 959 billion kuphela esikweletini sase-US, ngokusho kweFederal Reserve.
Abanye abanikazi bamazwe angaphandle abakhulu bezikweletu zase-US bahlanganisa iJapan, engabanikazi abayizigidigidi ezingama-912 zamaRandi; i-United Kingdom, engumnikazi wama- $ 347 billion; IBrazil, ephethe ama- $ 211 billion; ITaiwan, ephethe ama- $ 153 billion; kanye neHong Kong, ephethe ama- $ 122 billion.
chinaizinqolobane zakwamanye amazwe zaseChina
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Ngabe iChina Iqala Ukuphefumula Kwayo Okukhulu Okuqhamuka Emadola ase-USA?
UJan 13 • Amazwana eMakethe • Ukubukwa okungu-7451 • Amazwana Off ku Ngabe iChina Iqala Ukuphefumula Kwayo Okukhulu Kusuka E-USA Dollars?
Empeleni kuyinsumansumane yasemadolobheni ukuthi udonga olukhulu lwaseChina “lubonakala kusukela enyangeni” noma lubonakala kusuka emzileni wokuzungeza ngamehlo ngaphandle uma samukela ukuthi ukusebenzisa umhlaba weGoogle kufana ncamashi. Isimangalo sokuthi i-Great Wall iyabonakala sikhishwe kaningi kepha sisalokhu sigxilile esikweni elidumile.
Udonga lungamamitha ayi-9.1 ububanzi (30 ft) ububanzi, futhi lumboze umbala ofanayo nenhlabathi ezungezile. Ngokuya ngokukhanya kokuxazulula amandla (ibanga eliqhathaniswa nobubanzi be-iris: amamilimitha ambalwa esweni lomuntu, amamitha wezibonakude ezinkulu) kuphela into eqhathaniswa ngokunengqondo nendawo ezungezile eyi-70 mi (110 km) noma ngaphezulu ububanzi izobonakala ngamehlo enyanga, okuyibanga elilinganiselwe ukusuka eMhlabeni elingama-384,393 km.
Ububanzi obubonakalayo boDonga Olukhulu obuvela enyangeni buyafana noboboya bomuntu obubhekwa buqamama ngamakhilomitha amabili (2 km). Ukubona udonga olusuka enyangeni kungadinga ukulungiswa kwendawo izikhathi eziphindwe ka-3.2 kangcono kunombono ojwayelekile (17,000/20). Akumangazi ukuthi ayikho i-astronaut yenyanga eyake yathi yabona iGreat Wall ivela enyangeni.
Umbuzo onempikiswano eyengeziwe ngukuthi ngabe udonga luyabonakala kusuka ekuzungezeni komhlaba okuphansi, ukuphakama okungamakhilomitha afinyelela kwangu-100. I-NASA ithi ayibonakali kangako, futhi kuphela ngaphansi kwezimo ezicishe ziphelele; ayigqamile kunezinto eziningi ezenziwe umuntu. Abanye ababhali baphikise ukuthi ngenxa yemikhawulo yokukhanya kwamehlo nokuhlukaniswa kwama-photoreceptors ku-retina, akunakwenzeka ukubona udonga ngamehlo, ngisho nasezindleleni eziphansi, futhi kungadinga ukubonwa okuhle kuka-160/20 ( Izikhathi eziyi-3 ezingcono kunokujwayelekile).
Ngo-2001, uNeil Armstrong wathi ngombono ovela ku-Apollo 11:
Angikholwa ukuthi, okungenani ngamehlo ami, kuzoba khona into eyenziwe ngumuntu engingayibona. Angikakamtholi umuntu ongitshele ukuthi babone iWall of China isuka eMhlabeni orbit. Ngicele abantu abahlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi abafana be-Shuttle, ukuthi kube yimizila eminingi ezungeze i-China emini, futhi labo engikhulume nabo abayibonanga.
Ngo-Okthoba 2003, usomkhathi waseChina uYang Liwei wathi wayengakwazanga ukubona uGreat Wall waseChina. Ngokuphendula, i-European Space Agency (i-ESA) ikhiphe umbiko okhishwe ngabezindaba ukuthi ukusuka emzileni ophakathi kuka-160 no-320 km, iGreat Wall ibonakala ngeso lenyama. Ngomzamo wokuqhubeka nokucacisa izinto, i-ESA ishicilele isithombe sengxenye "yoDonga Olukhulu" esithwetshulwe kwi-Space. Kodwa-ke, ekukhishweni kwabezindaba ngemuva kwesonto (engasatholakali kuwebhusayithi ye-ESA), bavumile ukuthi “udonga olukhulu” olusesithombeni empeleni lwalungumfula…
Umlando uphakamisa ukuthi imvelaphi yokuqala yodonga olukhulu ingalandelwa emuva kakhulu ngekhulu lesihlanu noma lesishiyagalombili leminyaka BC Kwakungaphakathi kobukhosi bakwaMing lapho udonga njengoba sesize salubona njengesehlakalo siqala ukwakhiwa .. isiko lesineke eChina, kepha ngokuphelele ukuzimisela kunhloso nezifundo lapho sekusethiwe.
Izinqolobane ezisemthethweni zaseChina zehle zaya ku- $ 3.18 trillion kwikota yokugcina ka-2011. IPeople's Bank yaseChina ishicilele imininingwane ngoLwesihlanu ekhombisa ukuthi u- $ 20.6 billion, noma u-0.6 wamaphesenti, uwela ezinqolobaneni ezinyangeni ezintathu zokugcina zonyaka, yize uquqaba lwaseBeijing lwengcebo yakwamanye amazwe iseyindawo enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Izinqolobane zehlile ngoNovemba nangoDisemba, ukuwa kokuqala okulandelanayo kwanyanga zonke kusukela ngekota yokuqala yonyaka ka-2009, mhlawumbe uphawu lokuthinteka kwemali esile yezohwebo kanye nokukhishwa kwemali yokuqagela okuba nayo ekuphethweni kwemali eyinhloko yaseChina.
Ukwehla kwezinqolobane zaseChina kungaqala ukujabulisa abanye abagxeki abathi bangumkhiqizo womnotho othembele kwi-yuan engabizi kakhulu ekukhuleni okuqhutshwa ngaphandle. Isibikezelo semaphakathi sabacwaningi bezomnotho sasiwukuthi izinqolobane zokugcina imali zaseChina zizohlala ziqinile ekupheleni kukaDisemba kusukela ekupheleni kwekota yesithathu.
Izinqolobane zaseChina yizona ezinkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, ikakhulu ngenxa yokuvalwa kwamabhange amaphakathi kokungena kwedola ku-akhawunti yezwe evaliwe. Kepha abanye abahlaziyi baqaphele ukuthi ukusetshenziswa okwandayo kwe-yuan ezindaweni ezihwebelana kuzosiza futhi ekwehliseni ikusasa leChina lokwakheka kwemali yakwamanye amazwe.
Kwikota yesithathu yonyaka ka-2011, imali ebekelwe imali yakwamanye amazwe inyuke ngama- $ 4.2 billion nje yaya kwirekhodi lama- $ 3.2 trillion. Ijubane lalihamba kancane kunokukhuphuka kwe- $ 152.8 billion kwikota yesibili. ($ 1 = 6.3178 yuan yamaShayina)
Futhi ngenkathi ukuwa kwamakota kungakhombisi izindiza ezinkulu ezivela eChina, abahlaziyi bathi kuyaphikisana neBeijing ukuthi yehlise inani lemali elenza amabhange aligcine njengezinqolobane ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izimakethe zisebenza kahle.
Ohulumeni bamazwe aphethe cishe amaphesenti angama-46 azo zonke izikweletu zaseMelika eziphethwe ngumphakathi, ngaphezulu kwama- $ 4.5 trillion. Isiphathimandla esikhulu kunazo zonke esinezikweletu zase-US yiChina, engumnikazi ongaphezulu cishe kuka- $ 1.2 trillion kwizikweletu, amanothi namabhondi, ngokusho koMnyango Wezezimali.
Izibalo ezitholakala ngo-2010 zikhombisa ukuthi iChina inamaphesenti angaba ngu-8 esikweletu sase-US esidlangalaleni. Kubo bonke abaphethe isikweletu saseMelika iChina ingeyesithathu ngobukhulu, ngemuva kuphela kweSocial Security Trust Fund ephethe cishe ama- $ 3 trillion kanye neFederal Reserve ecishe ibe ngu- $ 2 trillion ekubanjweni kwezimali zikaMgcinimafa, okuthengwe njengengxenye yohlelo lwayo lokunciphisa amandla ukukhulisa umnotho .
Ukubeka ubunikazi beChina ngesikweletu sase-US ngendlela efanele, ukubamba kwayo ama- $ 1.2 trillion kukhulu kakhulu kunenani lemizi yaseMelika. Izakhamizi zase-US ziphethe cishe ama- $ 959 billion kuphela esikweletini sase-US, ngokusho kweFederal Reserve.
Abanye abanikazi bamazwe angaphandle abakhulu bezikweletu zase-US bahlanganisa iJapan, engabanikazi abayizigidigidi ezingama-912 zamaRandi; i-United Kingdom, engumnikazi wama- $ 347 billion; IBrazil, ephethe ama- $ 211 billion; ITaiwan, ephethe ama- $ 153 billion; kanye neHong Kong, ephethe ama- $ 122 billion.
chinaizinqolobane zakwamanye amazwe zaseChina
« Ukwesatshiswa Kwe-Euro-Wide Embargo Kanye ne-Iran Kukhishwa Njengoba I-Euro-Nations Iyaqaphela ukuthi Ayidinga..i..Amafutha UMdali Wenza I-Italy Kusuka Emiklamweni kaMichael Angelo »