Septhemba 19 • Amazwana eMakethe • Ukubukwa okungu-6341 • Amazwana Off ku-Fuel for Thought
I-United States ingumkhiqizi omkhulu kunayo yonke emhlabeni ka-ethanol fuel. I-US yakhiqiza amalitha ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-50.0 ka-ethanol fuel ngo-2010. Uphethiloli we-ethanol usetshenziswa kakhulu e-US njenge-oxygenate ephethiloli. Ngo-2009, kuwo wonke uphethiloli we-ethanol odliwe ezweni, ama-99% adliwe njenge-ethanol ku-gasohol. Iningi le-ethanol yase-US likhiqizwa emmbileni kanti ugesi odingekayo wama-distilleries uvela ezitshalweni zamalahle, impikiswano iyaqhubeka mayelana nokuthi i-bio-ethanol esekwe ngommbila esimeme iwafaka kanjani amandla kawoyela ezimotweni. Ukuphikisana nokuphikisana kuhlobene nenani elikhulu lomhlaba olimekayo odingekayo ezitshalweni kanye nomthelela wawo ekunikezelweni kokusanhlamvu komhlaba, imiphumela eqondile nengaqondile yokusetshenziswa komhlaba, kanye nezinkinga eziphathelene nebhalansi yamandla nobukhulu bekhabhoni lapho kubhekwa umjikelezo wokuphila ophelele we-ethanol ukukhiqizwa.
Umgqugquzeli wenguquko ye-Arab Spring uvame ukubizwa ngo-Mohamed Bouazizi oneminyaka engamashumi amabili nesithupha owayehlala edolobheni lesifundazwe laseSidi Bouzid, eTunisia, wayeneziqu zaseyunivesithi kodwa engenawo umsebenzi. Emzameni wokuziphilisa waqala ukuthengisa izithelo nemifino ezitaladini engenazo izincwadi. Iziphathimandla zaseTunisia zammisa zamphuca umkhiqizo wakhe, ngenxa yokutatazela wazishisa ngomlilo ngoMgqibelo ngoDisemba 18, 2010. Kwabe sekuqhubeka udlame futhi abezokuphepha balivala ngokushesha leli dolobha. NgoLwesithathu olulandelayo enye insizwa engasebenzi eSidi Bouzid yakhwela esigxotsheni sikagesi, yamemeza yathi “cha ngenxa yosizi, akukho ngenxa yokungasebenzi”, yabe isithinta izintambo yazishaya ugesi. NgoLwesihlanu ngoSepthemba 16th 2011, ngaphandle kwebhange ePiraeus (itheku elikhulu lolwandle eGrisi), usomabhizinisi omncane wazithela ngophethiloli wazokhela ngomlilo. Umbhikisho wakhe wokuphelelwa yithemba ngokusobala ubethukutheliswe yibhizinisi lakhe elihlulekile nokushoda kosizo lwasebhange.
Inganekwane eqhutshwa yimithombo yezindaba ehambisanayo yasentshonalanga ithi intwasahlobo yama-Arabhu yayiwukusabela embusweni wobushiqela ngawodwa, kanti empeleni ukwehluleka okuphelele komnotho ezifundazweni ezithile zama-Arab kanye nasezifundeni ezingomakhelwane zase-Afrika kubanga; indlala, ukuswela kanye nokuphelelwa yithemba kwakukukhulu njengoba isifiso sokushintsha kombuso. Inguquko yasentwasahlobo yama-Arabhu, ngokufana okungacabangeki ngaphambili, manje seyedlulele kwa-Israyeli. Imithombo yezindaba ejwayelekile iyishaye indiva imibhikisho yeTel Aviv lapho amanani amakhulu eqoqe khona ngezimpelasonto ezilandelanayo bebhikisha emnothweni owehlile. Ukwanda kwamanani emali, amanani ezindlu kanye nezintela ezingafinyeleli kubantu abasezingeni eliphakathi kwa-Israel, amaholo amile, amazinga amakhulu okungaqashwa okungabhaliwe kanye nesigaba esiphakathi esifundile, abangathembi futhi bethukuthele nabaholi babo bezepolitiki, manje abafuna ushintsho lubanga izinxushunxushu ezinokuthula emphakathini . Izilinganiso zibeka izinombolo emigwaqeni yaseTel Aviv cishe kuma-300,000, kubhekwe inani labantu elingaba yizigidi ezi-3.3 okuyisibalo esikhulu esiye emigwaqweni sibhikisha.
Sekuya ngokuya kuba nzima emibusweni kanye nohulumeni ukugwema ingxoxo maqondana namazinga weqiniso emali athinta ukudla okuyisisekelo nezinto eziyisisekelo nokufihla imbangela yalokhu kwehla kwamandla emali. Iningi lezakhamizi zase-USA, e-UK nase-Europe lingavele linyuse amahlombe likhiphe ukububula okukhathele lapho likhokha esitolo lihlola, noma kupompo kaphethiloli njengoba lihlola i-RPI ekuthiwa ingu-5% kumarisidi alo. Kodwa-ke, kubantu abaningi baseMpumalanga Ephakathi noma e-Afrika lokho kukhuphuka kwemali ezintweni eziyisisekelo kungumbhalo umehluko phakathi kokuphila noma ukufa, indlala noma ukuhlala. Yize uhulumeni wase-UK engabala izibalo zabo zokwehla kwamandla emali besebenzisa ubhasikidi wezimpahla kubandakanya amaring ring ring, i-broadband, i-sky tv kanye namathelevishini e-plasma screen okunethezeka okunjalo akusiyo ingxenye yebhasikidi lokuzikhethela ezingxenyeni ezihluphekayo zomhlaba. I-Brent crude inenkani ihlale ngaphezulu kwama- $ 100 emgqonyeni wokusondela ezinyangeni eziyisithupha, izimpahla eziyisisekelo zokudla ziye zadabukisa ngokuzisola, ngenkathi abashayeli bezimoto base-UK bengabhekana nelitha likaphethiloli elikhuphuka ngama-30% eminyakeni emithathu (njengoba amaholo abo weqiniso nokwehla kwamandla emali ahlala emile) empofu izakhamizi zomhlaba azinamasu okubhekana nazo. Ngokubalwa kokudla, uphethiloli nendawo yokuhlala cishe kuzo zonke izindleko zabo, kusuka esimweni somholo omubi kakhulu, izindleko ezinyukile zokusanhlamvu nophethiloli kusongela impilo.
Ukwehla kwamandla emali emhlabeni jikelele okwehlele kusukela ngo-2008 kungumphumela oqondile wokwehliswa kwenani okwalandela kwe-USA, i-UK kanye nabenzi bezinqubomgomo zase-Europe abazibandakanya ekuvuseleleni izikhungo ezinkulu zezezimali ukuze "kusindiswe uhlelo". Inqubomgomo ephindwe kabili ye-zirp ngokungangabazeki yabangela ukuthi lokhu kwempahla okwedlulele kugijimele ezimpahleni nasezilinganisweni zokuqagela. Yize amanani okulingana engalungisa imiphumela ebingalindelekile nengahlosiwe ukuthi amanani ezimpahla kungenzeka angehli. Uma uwoyela uhlala ku- circa $ 100 emgqonyeni, isikhathi esengeziwe sezinyanga eziyisithupha kuya kweziyishumi nambili, ukwehla kwamandla omnotho 'okuphindwe kabili' kubukeka kunesiqiniseko.
Ngenkathi ongqongqoshe abahamba phambili bezezimali baseYurophu behlangana ukuze baxoxe ngezindlela ezengeziwe zokuqinisa uhlelo lwamabhange lwamazwe omhlaba, oluthola futhi emgodini, akunakwenzeka ukuthi baphikisane obala (ngokusetshenziswa komphakathi) ngeminye imiphumela ebabazekayo ezodalwa yiQE. Ngaphandle kokubheka ukuthi i-QE eyengeziwe idala inani elingenamkhawulo wamadola, ngokusebenzisa amabhange aphakathi isikhathi esiyizinyanga ezintathu, nayo izokhuphula ngokungaqondile amanani entengo yempahla futhi ilimaze kakhulu ikhwalithi yethemba lokuphila nokusinda kwezigidi. Lapho uMnu.Geithner ebuyela emotweni ekhathazekile e-USA mhlawumbe uzocabanga ngohambo oluthathwa iningi labantu baseMelika. Njengoba i-cavalcade yakhe ephethe izikhali iphuma esikhumulweni sezindiza angabona labo abaya ezindaweni zokudlela ezisheshayo, ezinikwe amandla yizimoto 'ekudleni' kommbila bese ecabanga ukuthi "umsebenzi wakhe owenziwe kahle" kule mpelasonto nozakwabo baseYurophu empeleni uwupulasitela wokunamathela okwesikhashana e-Europe futhi i-USA, kepha inxeba elingaba yingozi emazweni ampofu nakwezentuthuko.
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Okokhelekayo Ukucabanga
Septhemba 19 • Amazwana eMakethe • Ukubukwa okungu-6341 • Amazwana Off ku-Fuel for Thought
I-United States ingumkhiqizi omkhulu kunayo yonke emhlabeni ka-ethanol fuel. I-US yakhiqiza amalitha ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-50.0 ka-ethanol fuel ngo-2010. Uphethiloli we-ethanol usetshenziswa kakhulu e-US njenge-oxygenate ephethiloli. Ngo-2009, kuwo wonke uphethiloli we-ethanol odliwe ezweni, ama-99% adliwe njenge-ethanol ku-gasohol. Iningi le-ethanol yase-US likhiqizwa emmbileni kanti ugesi odingekayo wama-distilleries uvela ezitshalweni zamalahle, impikiswano iyaqhubeka mayelana nokuthi i-bio-ethanol esekwe ngommbila esimeme iwafaka kanjani amandla kawoyela ezimotweni. Ukuphikisana nokuphikisana kuhlobene nenani elikhulu lomhlaba olimekayo odingekayo ezitshalweni kanye nomthelela wawo ekunikezelweni kokusanhlamvu komhlaba, imiphumela eqondile nengaqondile yokusetshenziswa komhlaba, kanye nezinkinga eziphathelene nebhalansi yamandla nobukhulu bekhabhoni lapho kubhekwa umjikelezo wokuphila ophelele we-ethanol ukukhiqizwa.
Umgqugquzeli wenguquko ye-Arab Spring uvame ukubizwa ngo-Mohamed Bouazizi oneminyaka engamashumi amabili nesithupha owayehlala edolobheni lesifundazwe laseSidi Bouzid, eTunisia, wayeneziqu zaseyunivesithi kodwa engenawo umsebenzi. Emzameni wokuziphilisa waqala ukuthengisa izithelo nemifino ezitaladini engenazo izincwadi. Iziphathimandla zaseTunisia zammisa zamphuca umkhiqizo wakhe, ngenxa yokutatazela wazishisa ngomlilo ngoMgqibelo ngoDisemba 18, 2010. Kwabe sekuqhubeka udlame futhi abezokuphepha balivala ngokushesha leli dolobha. NgoLwesithathu olulandelayo enye insizwa engasebenzi eSidi Bouzid yakhwela esigxotsheni sikagesi, yamemeza yathi “cha ngenxa yosizi, akukho ngenxa yokungasebenzi”, yabe isithinta izintambo yazishaya ugesi. NgoLwesihlanu ngoSepthemba 16th 2011, ngaphandle kwebhange ePiraeus (itheku elikhulu lolwandle eGrisi), usomabhizinisi omncane wazithela ngophethiloli wazokhela ngomlilo. Umbhikisho wakhe wokuphelelwa yithemba ngokusobala ubethukutheliswe yibhizinisi lakhe elihlulekile nokushoda kosizo lwasebhange.
Inganekwane eqhutshwa yimithombo yezindaba ehambisanayo yasentshonalanga ithi intwasahlobo yama-Arabhu yayiwukusabela embusweni wobushiqela ngawodwa, kanti empeleni ukwehluleka okuphelele komnotho ezifundazweni ezithile zama-Arab kanye nasezifundeni ezingomakhelwane zase-Afrika kubanga; indlala, ukuswela kanye nokuphelelwa yithemba kwakukukhulu njengoba isifiso sokushintsha kombuso. Inguquko yasentwasahlobo yama-Arabhu, ngokufana okungacabangeki ngaphambili, manje seyedlulele kwa-Israyeli. Imithombo yezindaba ejwayelekile iyishaye indiva imibhikisho yeTel Aviv lapho amanani amakhulu eqoqe khona ngezimpelasonto ezilandelanayo bebhikisha emnothweni owehlile. Ukwanda kwamanani emali, amanani ezindlu kanye nezintela ezingafinyeleli kubantu abasezingeni eliphakathi kwa-Israel, amaholo amile, amazinga amakhulu okungaqashwa okungabhaliwe kanye nesigaba esiphakathi esifundile, abangathembi futhi bethukuthele nabaholi babo bezepolitiki, manje abafuna ushintsho lubanga izinxushunxushu ezinokuthula emphakathini . Izilinganiso zibeka izinombolo emigwaqeni yaseTel Aviv cishe kuma-300,000, kubhekwe inani labantu elingaba yizigidi ezi-3.3 okuyisibalo esikhulu esiye emigwaqweni sibhikisha.
Sekuya ngokuya kuba nzima emibusweni kanye nohulumeni ukugwema ingxoxo maqondana namazinga weqiniso emali athinta ukudla okuyisisekelo nezinto eziyisisekelo nokufihla imbangela yalokhu kwehla kwamandla emali. Iningi lezakhamizi zase-USA, e-UK nase-Europe lingavele linyuse amahlombe likhiphe ukububula okukhathele lapho likhokha esitolo lihlola, noma kupompo kaphethiloli njengoba lihlola i-RPI ekuthiwa ingu-5% kumarisidi alo. Kodwa-ke, kubantu abaningi baseMpumalanga Ephakathi noma e-Afrika lokho kukhuphuka kwemali ezintweni eziyisisekelo kungumbhalo umehluko phakathi kokuphila noma ukufa, indlala noma ukuhlala. Yize uhulumeni wase-UK engabala izibalo zabo zokwehla kwamandla emali besebenzisa ubhasikidi wezimpahla kubandakanya amaring ring ring, i-broadband, i-sky tv kanye namathelevishini e-plasma screen okunethezeka okunjalo akusiyo ingxenye yebhasikidi lokuzikhethela ezingxenyeni ezihluphekayo zomhlaba. I-Brent crude inenkani ihlale ngaphezulu kwama- $ 100 emgqonyeni wokusondela ezinyangeni eziyisithupha, izimpahla eziyisisekelo zokudla ziye zadabukisa ngokuzisola, ngenkathi abashayeli bezimoto base-UK bengabhekana nelitha likaphethiloli elikhuphuka ngama-30% eminyakeni emithathu (njengoba amaholo abo weqiniso nokwehla kwamandla emali ahlala emile) empofu izakhamizi zomhlaba azinamasu okubhekana nazo. Ngokubalwa kokudla, uphethiloli nendawo yokuhlala cishe kuzo zonke izindleko zabo, kusuka esimweni somholo omubi kakhulu, izindleko ezinyukile zokusanhlamvu nophethiloli kusongela impilo.
Ukwehla kwamandla emali emhlabeni jikelele okwehlele kusukela ngo-2008 kungumphumela oqondile wokwehliswa kwenani okwalandela kwe-USA, i-UK kanye nabenzi bezinqubomgomo zase-Europe abazibandakanya ekuvuseleleni izikhungo ezinkulu zezezimali ukuze "kusindiswe uhlelo". Inqubomgomo ephindwe kabili ye-zirp ngokungangabazeki yabangela ukuthi lokhu kwempahla okwedlulele kugijimele ezimpahleni nasezilinganisweni zokuqagela. Yize amanani okulingana engalungisa imiphumela ebingalindelekile nengahlosiwe ukuthi amanani ezimpahla kungenzeka angehli. Uma uwoyela uhlala ku- circa $ 100 emgqonyeni, isikhathi esengeziwe sezinyanga eziyisithupha kuya kweziyishumi nambili, ukwehla kwamandla omnotho 'okuphindwe kabili' kubukeka kunesiqiniseko.
Ngenkathi ongqongqoshe abahamba phambili bezezimali baseYurophu behlangana ukuze baxoxe ngezindlela ezengeziwe zokuqinisa uhlelo lwamabhange lwamazwe omhlaba, oluthola futhi emgodini, akunakwenzeka ukuthi baphikisane obala (ngokusetshenziswa komphakathi) ngeminye imiphumela ebabazekayo ezodalwa yiQE. Ngaphandle kokubheka ukuthi i-QE eyengeziwe idala inani elingenamkhawulo wamadola, ngokusebenzisa amabhange aphakathi isikhathi esiyizinyanga ezintathu, nayo izokhuphula ngokungaqondile amanani entengo yempahla futhi ilimaze kakhulu ikhwalithi yethemba lokuphila nokusinda kwezigidi. Lapho uMnu.Geithner ebuyela emotweni ekhathazekile e-USA mhlawumbe uzocabanga ngohambo oluthathwa iningi labantu baseMelika. Njengoba i-cavalcade yakhe ephethe izikhali iphuma esikhumulweni sezindiza angabona labo abaya ezindaweni zokudlela ezisheshayo, ezinikwe amandla yizimoto 'ekudleni' kommbila bese ecabanga ukuthi "umsebenzi wakhe owenziwe kahle" kule mpelasonto nozakwabo baseYurophu empeleni uwupulasitela wokunamathela okwesikhashana e-Europe futhi i-USA, kepha inxeba elingaba yingozi emazweni ampofu nakwezentuthuko.
fxccukuphawula kwemaketheamafutha
« Ongqongqoshe Bezezimali BaseYurophu: I-USA Kufanele Ithole Indlu Yayo Ngokuhleleka I-Terminal Velocity, i-IMF neGoldman Sachs Do The Math »