Jan 18 • Ndemanga za Msika • 10203 Views • Comments Off pa Kumbukirani Dzinalo, Renminbi - Ndalama za Anthu
Kutsatira Nkhondo ya Plassey mu 1757, pomwe Britain idalanda Bengal muufumu wake, kampani yaku Britain East India idalamulira pakupanga ndi kutumiza kunja kwa opiamu yaku India. Kulamuliraku kunayamba mwakhama mu 1773, Britain Governor-General wa Bengal adathetsa opium syndicate ku Patna. Kwa zaka makumi asanu zotsatira malonda a opiamu akhala chinsinsi ku East India Company ku subcontinent…
Kulowetsa opiamu ku China kunali koletsedwa ndi malamulo aku China, East India Company idakhazikitsa njira yayikulu yogulitsa misika yosavomerezeka. Amalonda aku Britain omwe alibe opiamu amatha kugula tiyi ku Canton pa ngongole, ndipo amalipira ngongole zawo pogulitsa opiamu kumsika ku Calcutta. Kuchokera pamenepo, opiamuyo imakafika kugombe la China lobisika mkati mwa zombo zaku Britain kenako kuzembetsa China ndi amalonda wamba. Mu 1797 kampaniyo idalimbitsa kwambiri malonda a opiamu poonetsetsa kuti kugulitsa pakati pa alimi a opiamu ndi aku Britain akumaliza ntchito yogula aku Bengali.
Katundu wa ku Britain wogulitsa opiamu ku China adakula kuchoka pa matani 15 mu 1730 mpaka matani 75 mu 1773. Katunduyu adatumizidwa m'mabokosi opitilira zikwi ziwiri, lililonse lili ndi mapaundi 140 a opiamu. Pakadali pano, zokambirana ndi Emperor Qianlong kuti athetse zoletsa zamalonda zikuchitika, zomwe zidafika pachimake mu 64 motsogozedwa ndi Earl George Macartney. Zokambirana zotere sizinapambane.
Opium Wars, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti Anglo-Chinese Wars, yomwe idagawika mu First Opium War kuyambira mu 1839 mpaka 1842 ndipo yachiwiri kuyambira mu 1856 mpaka 1860, inali pachimake pa mikangano yokhudza ubale wamalonda ndi mayiko pakati pa China pansi pa ulamuliro wa Qing ndi Britain Ufumu. Pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Canton System mu 1756, yomwe idaletsa malonda kudoko limodzi osalola kulowa kunja kwa China, kampani yaku Britain East India idakumana ndi kusinthana kwamalonda mokomera China ndipo idalemba ndalama zambiri pakupanga opiamu kuti ikonzenso bwino.
Amalonda aku Britain ndi United States adabweretsa opiamu kuchokera kumafakitole aku Britain East India Company ku Patna ndi Benares, ku Bengal Presidency yaku Britain India, kugombe la China, komwe adakagulitsa kwa achifwamba aku China omwe amagawa mankhwalawo motsutsana ndi malamulo aku China. Pozindikira kuchuluka kwa siliva komanso kuchuluka kwa anthu osokoneza bongo, a Dao Guang Emperor adafunsa kuti achitepo kanthu.
Akuluakulu aku khothi omwe amalimbikitsa zamalonda kuti azikhoma misonkho adagonjetsedwa ndi omwe amalimbikitsa kuponderezana. Mu 1838, Emperor adatumiza Lin Zexu ku Guangzhou komwe adagwira mwachangu ogulitsa ma opiamu aku China ndikufunsa kuti mabungwe akunja atembenuke ...
Mzindawu ukhoza kuchita ndi ndalama zowonjezera zowonadi. London, likulu lalikulu padziko lonse lapansi lazamalonda osinthana zakunja, kubwereketsa mabanki pamalire ndi chiwongola dzanja, ikufinyidwa ndi zovuta zonse zakubweza ngongole zaku Europe pakufunidwa kwa ntchito zake komanso andale omwe amatsutsa azachuma kuti abweretsa Chuma cha padziko lonse chatsala pang'ono kugwa. Mabanki akuyankha malamulo aposachedwa kwambiri a Basel Committee on Banking Supervision potuluka pantchito zowononga ndalama zambiri monga kugulitsa zamalonda, ndikuyika pachiwopsezo makampani aku UK omwe akutumiza kunja ndi 12% yamisonkho yake.
Square Mile yaku London ikuchepa mwachangu kuposa likulu lililonse lazachuma padziko lapansi. Atachotsa antchito ambiri kuposa dziko lina lililonse chaka chatha, mabanki aku likulu akukumana ndi ndalama zotsika, malonda ochokera kwa andale kuti achepetse malipiro ndikuchepetsa ntchito. Boma la UK likufuna kuti mabanki agawane mabungwe awo ogula ndi kubwereketsa ndalama pomwe atsogoleri a European Union akukakamira kuti alipire msonkho munthu aliyense kumapeto kwa chaka chino.
Ndiye tili kuti makamaka pokhudzana ndi kuwona renminbi yolumikizidwa ndi greenback papulatifomu yathu yamalonda chifukwa chakuti ndalama za anthu sizingasinthike kwathunthu? Kutali kwina ndi yankho, koma kupita patsogolo ndi kuwuka kwa renminbi kwakhala kodabwitsa.
A Osborne mwachiwonekere asayina mgwirizano Lolemba ndi Hong Kong yomwe cholinga chake ndikuti Mzindawu ukhale likulu la malonda akumtunda kwa renminbi. Chancellor adagwirizana zaluso ndi a Norman Chan, wamkulu wa Hong Kong Monetary Authority, kuti athandize London kuchita mbali yofunikira pakukweza mbiri ya renminbi ngati ndalama yayikulu yapadziko lonse lapansi.
China yapereka thandizo lawo ku zokhumba za London zokhala malo opangira malonda am'mphepete mwa nyanja; Hong Kong ndiye likulu lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ku China, lomwe limakhala ngati njira yolowera kumsika wakunyanja ku China. Hong Kong Monetary Authority yalengeza posachedwa kuti ikuwonjezera nthawi yogwirira ntchito yake yolipirira renminbi ndi maola asanu kuti athe kuyendetsa bwino malonda akunyanja ndi London, ndikutsegula zenera kudzera m'mabungwe azachuma ku London omwe angathetsere zolipirira zakunyanja.
Ndalama zonse zaku China zomwe zakhazikitsidwa mu renminbi zawonjezeka kuchoka pa 0.7% mu theka loyamba la 2010 kufika pa 9% mu theka loyamba la 2011. Ndalama za Renminbi ku Hong Kong zawonjezeka kuchokera ku Rmb64bn mu Januware 2010 mpaka Rmb627bn mu Novembala 2011. Bank yaku China idati "ikuthandizira mwamphamvu" London kukhala likulu lotsatira lamalonda a renminbi, pambuyo pa Hong Kong.
Komabe, ngakhale razzmatazz ilipo ntchentche imodzi yayikulu mu mafuta oyambitsa, USA. Tsiku lomwe renminbi lidzawonekera pamatchafu athu ngati awiri azandalama motsutsana ndi anzawo ambiri lidzakhala tsiku loyandikira ndalama zomwe zidzasungidwe ndalama padziko lapansi. Mafuta ogulira renminbi? Monga momwe phunziro lalifupi la mbiriyakale, lomwe lili m'ndime zochepa zoyambilira likuwulula, mayiko atha kuyesetsa momwe angatetezere malonda ndi momwe angawonekere. Zomwe USA idachita pankhani zandalama za anthu kukhala ndalama zapadziko lonse lapansi ndizoyeserera kwambiri zotsutsana ndi hegemony wawo.
ChinaLondonrenminbi
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Kumbukirani Dzinalo, Renminbi - Ndalama za Anthu
Jan 18 • Ndemanga za Msika • 10203 Views • Comments Off pa Kumbukirani Dzinalo, Renminbi - Ndalama za Anthu
Kutsatira Nkhondo ya Plassey mu 1757, pomwe Britain idalanda Bengal muufumu wake, kampani yaku Britain East India idalamulira pakupanga ndi kutumiza kunja kwa opiamu yaku India. Kulamuliraku kunayamba mwakhama mu 1773, Britain Governor-General wa Bengal adathetsa opium syndicate ku Patna. Kwa zaka makumi asanu zotsatira malonda a opiamu akhala chinsinsi ku East India Company ku subcontinent…
Kulowetsa opiamu ku China kunali koletsedwa ndi malamulo aku China, East India Company idakhazikitsa njira yayikulu yogulitsa misika yosavomerezeka. Amalonda aku Britain omwe alibe opiamu amatha kugula tiyi ku Canton pa ngongole, ndipo amalipira ngongole zawo pogulitsa opiamu kumsika ku Calcutta. Kuchokera pamenepo, opiamuyo imakafika kugombe la China lobisika mkati mwa zombo zaku Britain kenako kuzembetsa China ndi amalonda wamba. Mu 1797 kampaniyo idalimbitsa kwambiri malonda a opiamu poonetsetsa kuti kugulitsa pakati pa alimi a opiamu ndi aku Britain akumaliza ntchito yogula aku Bengali.
Katundu wa ku Britain wogulitsa opiamu ku China adakula kuchoka pa matani 15 mu 1730 mpaka matani 75 mu 1773. Katunduyu adatumizidwa m'mabokosi opitilira zikwi ziwiri, lililonse lili ndi mapaundi 140 a opiamu. Pakadali pano, zokambirana ndi Emperor Qianlong kuti athetse zoletsa zamalonda zikuchitika, zomwe zidafika pachimake mu 64 motsogozedwa ndi Earl George Macartney. Zokambirana zotere sizinapambane.
Opium Wars, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti Anglo-Chinese Wars, yomwe idagawika mu First Opium War kuyambira mu 1839 mpaka 1842 ndipo yachiwiri kuyambira mu 1856 mpaka 1860, inali pachimake pa mikangano yokhudza ubale wamalonda ndi mayiko pakati pa China pansi pa ulamuliro wa Qing ndi Britain Ufumu. Pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Canton System mu 1756, yomwe idaletsa malonda kudoko limodzi osalola kulowa kunja kwa China, kampani yaku Britain East India idakumana ndi kusinthana kwamalonda mokomera China ndipo idalemba ndalama zambiri pakupanga opiamu kuti ikonzenso bwino.
Amalonda aku Britain ndi United States adabweretsa opiamu kuchokera kumafakitole aku Britain East India Company ku Patna ndi Benares, ku Bengal Presidency yaku Britain India, kugombe la China, komwe adakagulitsa kwa achifwamba aku China omwe amagawa mankhwalawo motsutsana ndi malamulo aku China. Pozindikira kuchuluka kwa siliva komanso kuchuluka kwa anthu osokoneza bongo, a Dao Guang Emperor adafunsa kuti achitepo kanthu.
Akuluakulu aku khothi omwe amalimbikitsa zamalonda kuti azikhoma misonkho adagonjetsedwa ndi omwe amalimbikitsa kuponderezana. Mu 1838, Emperor adatumiza Lin Zexu ku Guangzhou komwe adagwira mwachangu ogulitsa ma opiamu aku China ndikufunsa kuti mabungwe akunja atembenuke ...
Mzindawu ukhoza kuchita ndi ndalama zowonjezera zowonadi. London, likulu lalikulu padziko lonse lapansi lazamalonda osinthana zakunja, kubwereketsa mabanki pamalire ndi chiwongola dzanja, ikufinyidwa ndi zovuta zonse zakubweza ngongole zaku Europe pakufunidwa kwa ntchito zake komanso andale omwe amatsutsa azachuma kuti abweretsa Chuma cha padziko lonse chatsala pang'ono kugwa. Mabanki akuyankha malamulo aposachedwa kwambiri a Basel Committee on Banking Supervision potuluka pantchito zowononga ndalama zambiri monga kugulitsa zamalonda, ndikuyika pachiwopsezo makampani aku UK omwe akutumiza kunja ndi 12% yamisonkho yake.
Square Mile yaku London ikuchepa mwachangu kuposa likulu lililonse lazachuma padziko lapansi. Atachotsa antchito ambiri kuposa dziko lina lililonse chaka chatha, mabanki aku likulu akukumana ndi ndalama zotsika, malonda ochokera kwa andale kuti achepetse malipiro ndikuchepetsa ntchito. Boma la UK likufuna kuti mabanki agawane mabungwe awo ogula ndi kubwereketsa ndalama pomwe atsogoleri a European Union akukakamira kuti alipire msonkho munthu aliyense kumapeto kwa chaka chino.
Ndiye tili kuti makamaka pokhudzana ndi kuwona renminbi yolumikizidwa ndi greenback papulatifomu yathu yamalonda chifukwa chakuti ndalama za anthu sizingasinthike kwathunthu? Kutali kwina ndi yankho, koma kupita patsogolo ndi kuwuka kwa renminbi kwakhala kodabwitsa.
A Osborne mwachiwonekere asayina mgwirizano Lolemba ndi Hong Kong yomwe cholinga chake ndikuti Mzindawu ukhale likulu la malonda akumtunda kwa renminbi. Chancellor adagwirizana zaluso ndi a Norman Chan, wamkulu wa Hong Kong Monetary Authority, kuti athandize London kuchita mbali yofunikira pakukweza mbiri ya renminbi ngati ndalama yayikulu yapadziko lonse lapansi.
China yapereka thandizo lawo ku zokhumba za London zokhala malo opangira malonda am'mphepete mwa nyanja; Hong Kong ndiye likulu lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ku China, lomwe limakhala ngati njira yolowera kumsika wakunyanja ku China. Hong Kong Monetary Authority yalengeza posachedwa kuti ikuwonjezera nthawi yogwirira ntchito yake yolipirira renminbi ndi maola asanu kuti athe kuyendetsa bwino malonda akunyanja ndi London, ndikutsegula zenera kudzera m'mabungwe azachuma ku London omwe angathetsere zolipirira zakunyanja.
Ndalama zonse zaku China zomwe zakhazikitsidwa mu renminbi zawonjezeka kuchoka pa 0.7% mu theka loyamba la 2010 kufika pa 9% mu theka loyamba la 2011. Ndalama za Renminbi ku Hong Kong zawonjezeka kuchokera ku Rmb64bn mu Januware 2010 mpaka Rmb627bn mu Novembala 2011. Bank yaku China idati "ikuthandizira mwamphamvu" London kukhala likulu lotsatira lamalonda a renminbi, pambuyo pa Hong Kong.
Komabe, ngakhale razzmatazz ilipo ntchentche imodzi yayikulu mu mafuta oyambitsa, USA. Tsiku lomwe renminbi lidzawonekera pamatchafu athu ngati awiri azandalama motsutsana ndi anzawo ambiri lidzakhala tsiku loyandikira ndalama zomwe zidzasungidwe ndalama padziko lapansi. Mafuta ogulira renminbi? Monga momwe phunziro lalifupi la mbiriyakale, lomwe lili m'ndime zochepa zoyambilira likuwulula, mayiko atha kuyesetsa momwe angatetezere malonda ndi momwe angawonekere. Zomwe USA idachita pankhani zandalama za anthu kukhala ndalama zapadziko lonse lapansi ndizoyeserera kwambiri zotsutsana ndi hegemony wawo.
ChinaLondonrenminbi
« Kukula Kwachuma cha Mabanki aku US Mu 2011 Mulole Kuti Ndiwo Achitiridwa Umboni Pang'ono Pokha Chiyambire Kukhumudwa Kwakukulu Ndipo Sizingayende Bwino Mu 2012 Greece Ndiye Mawu Monga Mr Papademos Atembenuza Matebulo Maseweredwe Apamwamba »